United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, USA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jul 3;16(13):2351. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16132351.
In spite of their perceived value, the widespread implementation of ecosystem services assessments has been limited because of perceptions of being too technical, too expensive, or requiring special expertise. For example, federal estuary management programs have widely used ecosystem services concepts to frame management issues and communicate with stakeholders. Yet, indicators assessed, monitored, and reported in estuarine management still have traditionally focused on ecological conditions, with weak connections, if any, to social or economic outcomes. Approaches are needed which expand the range of ecosystem services that can be considered, link ecosystem services explicitly to different stakeholder groups, facilitate effective communication with economists and other social scientists, and expand the array of available valuation techniques. We applied the concept of final ecosystem goods and services to review the broad suite of ecosystem services and their beneficiaries relevant to the management of two federal programs for estuary management, the National Estuary Program (NEP) and the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS). The Final Ecosystem Goods and Services Classification System provided a structured framework for connecting ecosystem services to their beneficiaries and the environments providing them. Document analysis of management plans assessed the degree to which these programs consider ecosystem services, their beneficiaries, and habitats within the estuarine watershed. The hierarchical list of final ecosystem goods and services generated from document analysis serves as a tool for defining management goals, identifying stakeholders, developing meaningful indicators, and conducting valuation studies in estuarine management planning efforts. Though developed here for estuarine management, the keyword hierarchy and final ecosystem goods and services approach have broad applicability and transferability to other environmental management scenarios.
尽管人们认为生态系统服务评估具有价值，但由于其被认为过于技术性、过于昂贵或需要特殊专业知识，因此其广泛实施受到了限制。例如，联邦河口管理计划广泛使用生态系统服务概念来构建管理问题并与利益相关者进行沟通。然而，在河口管理中评估、监测和报告的指标仍然传统上侧重于生态条件，与社会或经济结果的联系较弱，如果有的话。需要采用一些方法来扩大可以考虑的生态系统服务范围，将生态系统服务明确地与不同的利益相关群体联系起来，促进与经济学家和其他社会科学家的有效沟通，并扩大可用估值技术的范围。我们应用最终生态系统货物和服务的概念来审查与两个联邦河口管理计划（国家河口计划和国家河口研究保护区系统）管理相关的广泛的生态系统服务及其受益者。最终生态系统货物和服务分类系统为将生态系统服务与其受益者以及提供这些服务的环境联系起来提供了一个结构化的框架。对管理计划的文件分析评估了这些计划在多大程度上考虑了生态系统服务、其受益者以及河口流域内的生境。从文件分析中生成的最终生态系统货物和服务的层次列表可作为在河口管理规划工作中定义管理目标、确定利益相关者、制定有意义的指标和进行估值研究的工具。尽管这里是为河口管理开发的，但关键字层次结构和最终生态系统货物和服务方法具有广泛的适用性和可移植性，可以应用于其他环境管理情景。
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