Sexual Orientation Identity, Race/Ethnicity, and Lifetime HIV Testing in a National Probability Sample of U.S. Women and Men: An Intersectional Approach.

We examined differences in lifetime human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in relation to both sexual orientation identity and race/ethnicity among U.S. women and men. We used 2013-2017 National Health Interview Survey data and multivariable logistic regression to assess the distribution of lifetime HIV testing across and within sexual orientation identity and racial/ethnic groups of U.S. women ( = 60,867) and men ( = 52,201) aged 18-64 years. Among women, Black lesbian (74.1%) and bisexual (74.0%) women had the highest prevalence whereas Asian lesbian women (32.5%) had the lowest prevalence of lifetime HIV testing. Among men, the prevalence of lifetime HIV testing was the highest among Latino gay men (92.6%) and the lowest among Asian heterosexual men (32.0%). In most cases, Black women and Black and Latino men had significantly higher adjusted odds whereas Asian women and men had lower adjusted odds of lifetime HIV testing compared with their White counterparts within sexual orientation identity groups. In many instances, bisexual women and gay men had significantly higher adjusted odds of lifetime HIV testing relative to their heterosexual counterparts within racial/ethnic groups. Compared with White heterosexual individuals, most sexual orientation identity and racial/ethnic subgroups had significantly higher adjusted odds whereas Asian heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women and Asian heterosexual and bisexual men may have lower adjusted odds of lifetime HIV testing. Culturally relevant, linguistically appropriate, and structurally competent programs and practices are needed to facilitate lifetime HIV testing among diverse sexual orientation identity and racial/ethnic subgroups of women and men, including multiply marginalized subgroups that are undertested or disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS.