Laboratory of Cell Immunology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
Clin Sci (Lond). 2019 Jul 17;133(14):1549-1565. doi: 10.1042/CS20180548. Print 2019 Jul 31.
The innate immunity is frequently accepted as a first line of relatively primitive defense interfering with the pathogen invasion until the mechanisms of 'privileged' adaptive immunity with the production of antibodies and activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes 'steal the show'. Recent advancements on the molecular and cellular levels have shaken the traditional view of adaptive and innate immunity. The innate immune memory or 'trained immunity' based on metabolic changes and epigenetic reprogramming is a complementary process insuring adaptation of host defense to previous infections.Innate immune cells are able to recognize large number of pathogen- or danger- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) to behave in a highly specific manner and regulate adaptive immune responses. Innate lymphoid cells (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3) and NK cells express transcription factors and cytokines related to subsets of T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17). On the other hand, T and B lymphocytes exhibit functional properties traditionally attributed to innate immunity such as phagocytosis or production of tissue remodeling growth factors. They are also able to benefit from the information provided by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), e.g. γδT lymphocytes use T-cell receptor (TCR) in a manner close to PRR recognition. Innate B cells represent another example of limited combinational diversity usage participating in various innate responses. In the view of current knowledge, the traditional black and white classification of immune mechanisms as either innate or an adaptive needs to be adjusted and many shades of gray need to be included.
先天免疫系统通常被认为是第一道防线，它可以在产生抗体和激活细胞毒性淋巴细胞的“特权”适应性免疫机制“抢戏”之前，相对原始地干扰病原体入侵。最近在分子和细胞水平上的进展动摇了对适应性和先天免疫的传统观点。基于代谢变化和表观遗传重编程的先天免疫记忆或“训练有素的免疫”是一个补充过程，可确保宿主防御适应以前的感染。先天免疫细胞能够识别大量病原体或危险相关的分子模式（PAMPs 和 DAMPs），以高度特异性的方式发挥作用，并调节适应性免疫反应。先天淋巴样细胞（ILC1、ILC2、ILC3）和 NK 细胞表达与辅助性 T 细胞（Th1、Th2、Th17）亚群相关的转录因子和细胞因子。另一方面，T 和 B 淋巴细胞表现出传统上归因于先天免疫的功能特性，如吞噬作用或组织重塑生长因子的产生。它们还能够受益于模式识别受体（PRRs）提供的信息，例如γδT 淋巴细胞以接近 PRR 识别的方式使用 T 细胞受体（TCR）。先天 B 细胞是参与各种先天反应的有限组合多样性使用的另一个例子。根据目前的知识，需要调整将免疫机制传统地分为先天或适应性的这种黑白分类，并且需要纳入许多灰度。
