Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
J Neurochem. 2019 Oct;151(2):139-165. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14829. Epub 2019 Sep 10.
The past 20 years have resulted in unprecedented progress in understanding brain energy metabolism and its role in health and disease. In this review, which was initiated at the 14th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we address the basic concepts of brain energy metabolism and approach the question of why the brain has high energy expenditure. Our review illustrates that the vertebrate brain has a high need for energy because of the high number of neurons and the need to maintain a delicate interplay between energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and plasticity. Disturbances to the energetic balance, to mitochondria quality control or to glia-neuron metabolic interaction may lead to brain circuit malfunction or even severe disorders of the CNS. We cover neuronal energy consumption in neural transmission and basic ('housekeeping') cellular processes. Additionally, we describe the most common (glucose) and alternative sources of energy namely glutamate, lactate, ketone bodies, and medium chain fatty acids. We discuss the multifaceted role of non-neuronal cells in the transport of energy substrates from circulation (pericytes and astrocytes) and in the supply (astrocytes and microglia) and usage of different energy fuels. Finally, we address pathological consequences of disrupted energy homeostasis in the CNS.
过去的 20 年见证了人们对大脑能量代谢及其在健康和疾病中的作用的理解取得了前所未有的进展。在第十四届国际神经化学学会高级学校发起的本次综述中，我们探讨了大脑能量代谢的基本概念，并探讨了大脑为何具有高能耗的问题。我们的综述表明，脊椎动物大脑对能量有很高的需求，这是因为神经元数量众多，并且需要维持能量代谢、神经传递和可塑性之间的微妙相互作用。能量平衡、线粒体质量控制或胶质细胞-神经元代谢相互作用的紊乱可能导致大脑电路功能障碍，甚至中枢神经系统的严重疾病。我们涵盖了神经元在神经传递和基本（“维持生命”）细胞过程中的能量消耗。此外，我们描述了最常见的（葡萄糖）和替代能量来源，即谷氨酸、乳酸、酮体和中链脂肪酸。我们讨论了非神经元细胞在能量底物从循环中的运输（周细胞和星形胶质细胞）以及不同能量燃料的供应（星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞）和使用中的多方面作用。最后，我们讨论了中枢神经系统中能量平衡失调的病理后果。
