Brain and Language Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; email:
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2020 Jan 4;71:389-417. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011555. Epub 2019 Jul 23.
Developmental disorders of language include developmental language disorder, dyslexia, and motor-speech disorders such as articulation disorder and stuttering. These disorders have generally been explained by accounts that focus on their behavioral rather than neural characteristics; their processing rather than learning impairments; and each disorder separately rather than together, despite their commonalities and comorbidities. Here we update and review a unifying neurocognitive account-the Procedural circuit Deficit Hypothesis (PDH). The PDH posits that abnormalities of brain structures underlying procedural memory (learning and memory that rely on the basal ganglia and associated circuitry) can explain numerous brain and behavioral characteristics across learning and processing, in multiple disorders, including both commonalities and differences. We describe procedural memory, examine its role in various aspects of language, and then present the PDH and relevant evidence across language-related disorders. The PDH has substantial explanatory power, and both basic research and translational implications.
语言发育障碍包括发育性语言障碍、诵读困难以及运动言语障碍，如构音障碍和口吃。这些障碍通常可以通过关注其行为而非神经特征、关注其处理而非学习障碍、以及分别关注每种障碍而非综合关注的解释来解释，尽管它们有共同性和合并症。在这里，我们更新和回顾了一个统一的神经认知解释——程序性记忆回路缺陷假说（PDH）。PDH 假设，程序性记忆（依赖于基底神经节和相关回路的学习和记忆）的大脑结构异常可以解释多种学习和处理障碍中的许多大脑和行为特征，包括共性和差异。我们描述了程序性记忆，考察了它在语言各个方面的作用，然后提出了 PDH 和相关证据，涉及与语言相关的障碍。PDH 具有很强的解释力，具有基础研究和转化的意义。
