School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UNITED KINGDOM.
Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UNITED KINGDOM.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020 Jan;52(1):153-160. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002101.
The influence of interdependency between competitors on pacing decision-making and information-seeking behavior has been explored. This has been done by only altering instructions, and thereby action possibilities, while controlling environment (i.e., competitor behavior) and exercise task.
Twelve participants performed a 4-km time trial on a Velotron cycle ergometer in a randomized, counterbalanced order alone with no virtual opponent (NO), against a virtual opponent with no restrictions (low athlete-opponent interdependency [OP-IND]), or against a virtual opponent who the participant was permitted to overtake only once during the trial (high athlete-opponent interdependency [OP-DEP]). Information-seeking behavior was evaluated using an SMI eye tracker. Differences in pacing, performance, and information-seeking behavior were examined using repeated-measures ANOVA (P < 0.05).
Neither mean power output (NO, 298 ± 35 W; OP-IND, 297 ± 38 W; OP-DEP, 296 ± 37 W) nor finishing time (NO, 377.7 ± 17.4 s; OP-IND, 379.3 ± 19.5 s; OP-DEP, 378.5 ± 17.7 s) differed between experimental conditions. However, power output was lower in the first kilometer of OP-DEP compared with the other experimental conditions (NO, 332 ± 59 W; OP-IND, 325 ± 62 W; OP-DEP, 316 ± 58 W; both P < 0.05), and participants decided to wait longer before they overtook their opponent (OP-IND, 137 ± 130 s; OP-DEP, 255 ± 107 s; P = 0.040). Moreover, total fixation time spent on the avatar of the virtual opponent increased when participants were only allowed to overtake once (OP-IND, 23.3 ± 16.6 s; OP-DEP, 55.8 ± 32.7 s; P = 0.002).
A higher interdependency between athlete and opponent altered pacing behavior in terms of in-race adaptations based on opponent's behavior, and it induced an increased attentional focus on the virtual opponent. Thus, in the context of exercise regulation, attentional cues are likely to be used in an adaptive way according to their availability and situational relevance, consistent with a decision-making framework based on the interdependence of perception and action.
探讨竞争者之间的相互依存关系对配速决策和信息寻求行为的影响。这是通过仅改变指令，从而改变行动可能性，同时控制环境（即竞争者行为）和运动任务来实现的。
12 名参与者在 Velotron 功率自行车上以随机、平衡的顺序进行 4 公里计时赛，分别为无虚拟对手（无）、无限制的虚拟对手（低运动员-对手依存关系 [OP-IND]）或仅允许在比赛中超越一次的虚拟对手（高运动员-对手依存关系 [OP-DEP]）。使用 SMI 眼动追踪器评估信息寻求行为。使用重复测量方差分析（P < 0.05）检查配速、表现和信息寻求行为的差异。
在实验条件下，平均功率输出（无，298 ± 35 W；OP-IND，297 ± 38 W；OP-DEP，296 ± 37 W）和完成时间（无，377.7 ± 17.4 s；OP-IND，379.3 ± 19.5 s；OP-DEP，378.5 ± 17.7 s）均无差异。然而，与其他实验条件相比，OP-DEP 的第一公里的功率输出较低（无，332 ± 59 W；OP-IND，325 ± 62 W；OP-DEP，316 ± 58 W；均 P < 0.05），参与者决定在超越对手之前等待更长时间（OP-IND，137 ± 130 s；OP-DEP，255 ± 107 s；P = 0.040）。此外，当参与者仅允许一次超越时，虚拟对手的头像上的总注视时间增加（OP-IND，23.3 ± 16.6 s；OP-DEP，55.8 ± 32.7 s；P = 0.002）。
运动员与对手之间更高的相互依存关系改变了基于对手行为的比赛中的配速行为，并导致对虚拟对手的注意力增加。因此，在运动调节的背景下，注意力线索可能会根据其可用性和情境相关性以自适应的方式被使用，这与基于感知和行动相互依存关系的决策框架一致。
