Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
J Dent Res. 2019 Nov;98(12):1308-1314. doi: 10.1177/0022034519866440. Epub 2019 Jul 29.
Oral supra- and subgingival biofilms are complex communities in which hundreds of bacteria, viruses, and fungi reside and interact. In these social environments, microbes compete and cooperate for resources, such as living space and nutrients. The metabolic activities of bacteria can transform their microenvironment and dynamically influence the fitness and growth of cohabitating organisms. Biofilm communities are temporally and spatially organized largely due to cell-to-cell communication, which promotes synergistic interactions. Metabolic interactions maintain biofilm homeostasis through mutualistic cross-feeding, metabolic syntrophy, and cross-respiration. These interactions include reciprocal metabolite exchanges that promote the growth of physiologically compatible bacteria, processive catabolism of complex substrates, and unidirectional interactions that are globally important for the polymicrobial community. Additionally, oral bacterial interactions can lead to detoxification of oxidative compounds, which will provide protection to the community at large. It has also been established that specific organisms provide terminal electron acceptors to partner species that result in a shift from fermentation to respiration, thus increasing ATP yields and improving fitness. Indeed, many interspecies relationships are multidimensional, and the net outcome can be spatially and temporally dependent. Cross-kingdom interactions also occur as oral yeast are antagonistic to some oral bacteria, while numerous mutualistic interactions contribute to yeast-bacterial colonization, fitness in the oral community, and the pathogenesis of caries. Consideration of this social environment reveals behaviors and phenotypes that are not apparent through the study of microbes in isolation. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic interactions that shape the oral microbial community.
口腔龈上和龈下生物膜是复杂的群落，其中栖息着数百种细菌、病毒和真菌，并相互作用。在这些社会环境中，微生物为资源（如生存空间和营养物质）而竞争与合作。细菌的代谢活动可以改变其微环境，并动态地影响共栖生物的适应性和生长。生物膜群落主要由于细胞间的通讯而具有时间和空间上的组织性，从而促进协同相互作用。代谢相互作用通过互惠共生、代谢共生和交叉呼吸来维持生物膜的动态平衡。这些相互作用包括促进生理相容细菌生长的互惠代谢物交换、复杂底物的连续分解代谢以及对多微生物群落具有全局重要性的单向相互作用。此外，口腔细菌的相互作用可以导致氧化化合物的解毒，从而为整个群落提供保护。已经证实，特定的生物体为伙伴物种提供末端电子受体，导致从发酵到呼吸的转变，从而提高 ATP 产量并提高适应性。事实上，许多种间关系是多维的，净结果可能随时间和空间而变化。跨界的相互作用也会发生，因为口腔酵母对一些口腔细菌具有拮抗作用，而许多互利的相互作用有助于酵母-细菌的定植、在口腔群落中的适应性以及龋齿的发病机制。考虑到这种社会环境，就会发现通过单独研究微生物而无法明显表现出的行为和表型。在这里，我们全面概述了塑造口腔微生物群落的代谢相互作用。
