Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany; Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
J Hum Evol. 2019 Aug;133:114-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.017. Epub 2019 Jul 1.
Fossil evidence indicates that numerous catarrhine clades of African origin expanded or shifted their ranges into Eurasia, among them macaques Macaca Lacépède, 1799. Macaques represent the sister taxon of African papionins and can thus be used as a model comparing an 'out-of-Africa' with an intra-African, e.g., baboons-Papio Erxleben, 1777 evolutionary history. The first step for such a comparison is to establish a well-resolved phylogeny of macaques with reliably estimated divergence times and to compare it with that of baboons and the fossil record. Therefore, we used mitochondrial (mtDNA) genome data deposited in GenBank of 16 out of 23 extant macaque species and of all six baboon taxa. We reconstructed phylogenetic trees using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inferences and dated differentiation events using three fossil-based calibration sets. The obtained tree topology is in agreement with findings from earlier mtDNA studies, but yielded stronger nodal supports. We observed some para- and polyphylies in macaques and baboons, suggesting that ancient gene flow among divergent lineages has been common in both genera. Our divergence time estimates are in broad agreement with earlier findings and with the fossil record. Macaques started to diversify 7.0-6.7 Ma, followed by a stepwise radiation into several species groups in Asia, whereas baboons commenced diversification around 2.2 Ma. Accordingly, divergence of species groups and species in macaques clearly predates divergences in baboons. Based on our phylogenetic results with estimated divergence times and the recorded chronostratigraphic ranges of extinct macaque and baboon taxa, we compare the evolutionary radiations of both genera from paleobiogeographic and adaptive viewpoints.
化石证据表明，许多源自非洲的大型猫科动物分支在进化过程中扩展或转移了它们的分布范围，进入了欧亚大陆，其中包括猕猴属（Macaca Lacépède，1799）。猕猴是非洲狒狒的姊妹群，可以作为一个模型，比较“走出非洲”与“非洲内部”的进化历史，例如，狒狒属（Papio Erxleben，1777）。进行这种比较的第一步是建立一个分辨率高的猕猴系统发育树，其中包括可靠估计的分歧时间，并将其与狒狒和化石记录进行比较。因此，我们使用了已在 GenBank 中存储的 23 种现存猕猴物种中的 16 种以及所有 6 种狒狒物种的线粒体（mtDNA）基因组数据。我们使用最大似然法和贝叶斯推断重建了系统发育树，并使用三个基于化石的校准数据集来估计分化事件的时间。得到的树拓扑结构与早期 mtDNA 研究的结果一致，但支持节点更强。我们在猕猴和狒狒中观察到一些并系和多系现象，表明在这两个属中，不同分支之间的古老基因流是常见的。我们的分化时间估计与早期的发现以及化石记录基本一致。猕猴大约在 7.0-6.7 百万年前开始分化，随后在亚洲逐步辐射形成了几个物种群，而狒狒大约在 2.2 百万年前开始分化。因此，猕猴物种群和物种的分化明显早于狒狒的分化。基于我们的系统发育结果、估计的分化时间以及已灭绝的猕猴和狒狒分类单元的记录地层范围，我们从古生物地理学和适应性的角度比较了这两个属的进化辐射。
