1 Deutsches Resilienz Zentrum, Mainz, Germany.
2 Neuroimaging Center, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz.
Perspect Psychol Sci. 2019 Sep;14(5):765-777. doi: 10.1177/1745691619855637. Epub 2019 Jul 31.
Resilience is still often viewed as a unitary personality construct that, as a kind of antinosological entity, protects individuals against stress-related mental problems. However, increasing evidence indicates that maintaining mental health in the face of adversity results from complex and dynamic processes of adaptation to stressors that involve the activation of several separable protective factors. Such resilience factors can reside at biological, psychological, and social levels and may include stable predispositions (such as genotype or personality traits) and malleable properties, skills, capacities, or external circumstances (such as gene-expression patterns, emotion-regulation abilities, appraisal styles, or social support). We abandon the notion of resilience as an entity here. Starting from a conceptualization of psychiatric disorders as dynamic networks of interacting symptoms that may be driven by stressors into stable maladaptive states of disease, we deconstruct the maintenance of mental health during stressor exposure into time-variant dampening influences of resilience factors onto these symptom networks. Resilience factors are separate additional network nodes that weaken symptom-symptom interconnections or symptom autoconnections, thereby preventing maladaptive system transitions. We argue that these hybrid symptom-and-resilience-factor networks provide a promising new way of unraveling the complex dynamics of mental health.
韧性通常被视为一种单一的人格结构，作为一种抗精神病实体，保护个体免受与压力相关的精神问题的影响。然而，越来越多的证据表明，在逆境中保持心理健康是一个复杂而动态的适应压力的过程，涉及到几个可分离的保护因素的激活。这些弹性因素可以存在于生物、心理和社会层面，包括稳定的倾向（如基因型或人格特质）和可塑的属性、技能、能力或外部环境（如基因表达模式、情绪调节能力、评价方式或社会支持）。在这里，我们摒弃了韧性作为一个实体的概念。从精神障碍作为相互作用的症状的动态网络的概念出发，这些症状可能是由压力源驱动的，进入疾病的稳定适应不良状态，我们将压力源暴露期间心理健康的维持分解为弹性因素对这些症状网络的时变阻尼影响。弹性因素是单独的附加网络节点，它们削弱了症状-症状的相互联系或症状的自连接，从而防止了适应不良的系统转变。我们认为，这些混合的症状和弹性因素网络为揭示心理健康的复杂动态提供了一种有前途的新方法。
