J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019 Dec;119(12):2028-2040. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.05.014. Epub 2019 Jul 30.
Diet and eating habits during youth have implications on diet and eating habits during adulthood, however, little longitudinal research has examined sexual orientation and gender expression differences in diet.
Our aim was to examine sexual orientation and gender expression differences in diet quality and eating habits from adolescence to young adulthood.
Data across multiple time points from the longitudinal Growing Up Today Study cohorts (1997 to 2011) were used.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Participants (n=12,880; aged 10 to 23 years) were the children of women from the Nurses' Health Study II cohort.
Diet quality scores were assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010. In addition, breakfast consumption (≥5 days/wk) and family dinners (≥5 days/wk) were assessed.
Multivariable generalized estimating equation regression models were fit to estimate sexual orientation and gender expression differences in diet quality scores, breakfast consumption, and family dinners, stratified by sex assigned at birth over available repeated measures.
"Gender-nonconforming" males had significantly higher diet quality scores than "very gender-conforming" males (P<0.05). Diet quality scores did not differ by gender expression among females. "Mostly heterosexual" females and gay males had higher diet quality scores than their same-sex completely heterosexual counterparts (P<0.05). Adjustment for mother's diet quality scores attenuated effects, except for gay males (P<0.05). "Gender-nonconforming" females were less likely to consume breakfast than "very gender-conforming" females (P<0.05). Similar results were found for "mostly heterosexual" and bisexual compared to completely heterosexual females. There were no gender expression or sexual orientation differences in family dinners among males and females.
Sexual orientation and gender expression have independent effects on diet quality scores and eating habits for both males and females. Very gender-conforming and completely heterosexual males had the lowest diet quality scores compared to other gender expression and sexual orientation groups. Additional research to explore the effects of sexual orientation and gender expression on diet-related health is needed to build upon these findings.
青年时期的饮食和饮食习惯会对成年期的饮食和饮食习惯产生影响，然而，很少有纵向研究探讨性取向和性别表达在饮食方面的差异。
本研究旨在探讨从青少年到青年期饮食质量和饮食习惯方面的性取向和性别表达差异。
使用来自纵向“今日成长研究”队列（1997 年至 2011 年）多个时间点的数据。
参与者/设置：参与者（n=12880；年龄 10 至 23 岁）是妇女健康研究 II 队列中女性的孩子。
使用替代健康饮食指数-2010 评估饮食质量评分。此外，还评估了早餐摄入（≥5 天/周）和家庭晚餐（≥5 天/周）。
在可用的重复测量中，按出生时分配的性别对多变量广义估计方程回归模型进行拟合，以估计性取向和性别表达在饮食质量评分、早餐摄入和家庭晚餐方面的差异。
“性别非规范”男性的饮食质量评分明显高于“非常性别规范”男性（P<0.05）。女性的性别表达之间的饮食质量评分没有差异。“异性恋居多”女性和男同性恋者的饮食质量评分高于同性别的完全异性恋者（P<0.05）。调整母亲的饮食质量评分后，除男同性恋者外（P<0.05），效果减弱。“性别非规范”女性比“非常性别规范”女性更不可能吃早餐（P<0.05）。对于“异性恋居多”和双性恋女性，也发现了类似的结果。男性和女性在家庭晚餐方面没有性别表达或性取向差异。
性取向和性别表达对男性和女性的饮食质量评分和饮食习惯有独立影响。与其他性别表达和性取向群体相比，非常性别规范和完全异性恋男性的饮食质量评分最低。需要进一步研究性取向和性别表达对饮食相关健康的影响，以进一步了解这些发现。
