Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, United States.
Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI 53705, United States.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2019 Jan 15;139:16-31. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.022. Epub 2018 Jul 3.
Since diabetes is becoming a global epidemic, there is a great need to develop early β-cell specific diagnostic techniques for this disorder. There are two types of diabetes (i.e., type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). In T1DM, the destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to reduced insulin production or even absolute insulin deficiency, which consequently results in hyperglycemia. Actually, a central issue in the pathophysiology of all types of diabetes is the relative reduction of β-cell mass (BCM) and/or impairment of the function of individual β-cells. In the past two decades, scientists have been trying to develop imaging techniques for noninvasive measurement of the viability and mass of pancreatic β-cells. Despite intense scientific efforts, only two tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and one contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are currently under clinical evaluation. β-cell specific imaging probes may also allow us to precisely and specifically visualize transplanted β-cells and to improve transplantation outcomes, as transplantation of pancreatic islets has shown promise in treating T1DM. In addition, some of these probes can be applied to the preoperative detection of hidden insulinomas as well. In the present review, we primarily summarize potential tracers under development for imaging β-cells with a focus on tracers for PET, SPECT, MRI, and optical imaging. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the various imaging probes and extend an outlook on future developments in the field.
由于糖尿病正在成为一种全球性的流行病，因此非常需要开发针对这种疾病的早期β细胞特异性诊断技术。糖尿病有两种类型（即 1 型糖尿病（T1DM）和 2 型糖尿病（T2DM））。在 T1DM 中，胰腺β细胞的破坏导致胰岛素产生减少甚至绝对缺乏，从而导致高血糖。实际上，所有类型糖尿病的病理生理学中的一个核心问题是β细胞质量（BCM）的相对减少和/或单个β细胞功能的损害。在过去的二十年中，科学家们一直在努力开发用于非侵入性测量胰腺β细胞活力和质量的成像技术。尽管进行了大量的科学研究，但目前只有两种正电子发射断层扫描（PET）示踪剂和一种磁共振（MR）成像对比剂正在进行临床评估。β细胞特异性成像探针还可以使我们能够精确和特异性地可视化移植的β细胞，并改善移植结果，因为胰岛移植已显示出治疗 T1DM 的潜力。此外，其中一些探针还可以应用于术前检测隐藏的胰岛素瘤。在本综述中，我们主要总结了用于β细胞成像的潜在示踪剂的开发情况，重点是 PET、SPECT、MRI 和光学成像的示踪剂。我们将讨论各种成像探针的优缺点，并对该领域的未来发展进行展望。
