Morris Faye C, Dexter Carina, Kostoulias Xenia, Uddin Muhammad Ikhtear, Peleg Anton Y
Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Front Microbiol. 2019 Jul 17;10:1601. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01601. eCollection 2019.
is a Gram negative opportunistic pathogen that has demonstrated a significant insurgence in the prevalence of infections over recent decades. With only a limited number of "traditional" virulence factors, the mechanisms underlying the success of this pathogen remain of great interest. Major advances have been made in the tools, reagents, and models to study pathogenesis, and this has resulted in a substantial increase in knowledge. This article provides a comprehensive review of the bacterial virulence factors, the host immune responses, and animal models applicable for the study of this important human pathogen. Collating the most recent evidence characterizing bacterial virulence factors, their cellular targets and genetic regulation, we have encompassed numerous aspects important to the success of this pathogen, including membrane proteins and cell surface adaptations promoting immune evasion, mechanisms for nutrient acquisition and community interactions. The role of innate and adaptive immune responses is reviewed and areas of paucity in our understanding are highlighted. Finally, with the vast expansion of available animal models over recent years, we have evaluated those suitable for use in the study of disease, discussing their advantages and limitations.
是一种革兰氏阴性机会致病菌，在近几十年中，其感染患病率显著上升。由于只有数量有限的“传统”毒力因子，这种病原体成功的潜在机制仍然备受关注。在研究发病机制的工具、试剂和模型方面取得了重大进展，这使得知识大幅增加。本文全面综述了细菌毒力因子、宿主免疫反应以及适用于研究这种重要人类病原体的动物模型。通过整理表征细菌毒力因子、其细胞靶点和基因调控的最新证据，我们涵盖了对这种病原体成功至关重要的许多方面，包括促进免疫逃避的膜蛋白和细胞表面适应性、营养获取机制和群体相互作用。对固有免疫和适应性免疫反应的作用进行了综述，并强调了我们理解不足的领域。最后，鉴于近年来可用动物模型的大量增加，我们评估了那些适用于疾病研究的模型，讨论了它们的优点和局限性。
