The Fate of Bacteria in Human Digestive Fluids: A New Perspective Into the Pathogenesis of .

causes the most seafood-attributed gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and studies on its pathogenesis during passage through the human digestive fluids are limited. An continuous model system mimicking passage through saliva, gastric and intestinal fluid was used to study the survival, morphology and virulence-related gene expression of a total of sixty pathogenic, and non-pathogenic strains. The changes to these three characteristics for the sixty strains were minimal on passage through the saliva fluid. No strains survived passage through gastric fluid with low pH values (2.0 and 3.0) and the cells, examined microscopically, were severely damaged. However, when the pH of gastric fluid increased to 4.0, the bacterial survival rate was 54.70 ± 1.11%, and the survival rate of pathogenic strains was higher when compared to non-pathogenic strains. Even though the bactericidal effect of intestinal fluid was lower than gastric fluid, virulence-related gene expression was enhanced in the intestinal fluid. Seafood matrices can significantly raise the pH level of gastric fluid and thus aid the survival of through passage from human gastric acid and progression of pathogenesis in the intestinal fluid. We confirmed these phenomena in the continuous digestion model.