Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
BMC Public Health. 2019 Aug 6;19(1):1056. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7358-0.
BACKGROUND: There are few if any reports concerning the joint use of waterpipe, cigarette and exposure to second-hand smoking in Tehran, Iran. Here, we simultaneously investigated the prevalence and predictors of smoking habits in Iranian adults.
In this population-based cross-sectional study, we recruited 1057 Iranian adults between August 2013 and February 2015, in Tehran, a multi-ethnic city. Participants were selected using random digit dialing. Three separate logistic regression models were applied to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI).
Exposure to second-hand smoking was the most prevalent smoking type (37, 95% CI: 35-41%) followed by cigarette (23.9% (95% CI: 21-27%)) and water-pipe smoking (20.25% (95% CI: 18-23%)) in adults in Tehran. Almost 3.3 and 4.5% of adults reported three and two types of lifetime smoking behaviors, respectively. Age, sex, history of depression along with lifetime alcohol intake was the important predictors of all three types of smoking. Lifetime alcohol consumption was associated with increased prevalence of all three types of smoking (p for trend < 0.009). Lifetime drug abuse was also associated with increased prevalence of cigarette smoking (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.61-2.59, p < 0.001).
Lifetime prevalence of waterpipe, cigarette and exposure to second-hand smoking is moderately high. Dual smoking behaviors are increasing in Iranian adults. An apparent age-related difference in pattern of waterpipe and cigarette smoking was observed. These findings highlight the need for further educational and preventive programs especially for dual smoking in Iranian young adults. This could provide practical information for evaluating and reforming the tobacco control programs and policies in Iran.
背景：关于伊朗德黑兰市水烟、香烟联合使用和二手烟暴露的报告很少。在此，我们同时调查了伊朗成年人吸烟习惯的流行率和预测因素。
在这项基于人群的横断面研究中，我们于 2013 年 8 月至 2015 年 2 月在德黑兰市招募了 1057 名伊朗成年人。参与者采用随机数字拨号法选择。应用 3 个独立的逻辑回归模型来估计调整后的优势比（95%CI）。
二手烟暴露是最常见的吸烟类型（37%，95%CI：35-41%），其次是香烟（23.9%，95%CI：21-27%）和水烟（20.25%，95%CI：18-23%）。近 3.3%和 4.5%的成年人分别报告了三种和两种终身吸烟行为。年龄、性别、抑郁症病史以及终身饮酒与所有三种吸烟类型均有关。终身饮酒与所有三种吸烟类型的流行率增加有关（趋势 P < 0.009）。终身药物滥用也与香烟吸烟的流行率增加有关（OR=2.04，95%CI：1.61-2.59，P < 0.001）。
终生水烟、香烟和二手烟暴露的流行率适中。伊朗成年人的双重吸烟行为正在增加。观察到水烟和香烟吸烟模式明显存在年龄相关差异。这些发现强调需要为伊朗年轻成年人提供进一步的教育和预防计划，特别是针对双重吸烟。这可为评估和改革伊朗的烟草控制计划和政策提供实用信息。
