Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Nat Biotechnol. 2019 Sep;37(9):1013-1023. doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0198-8. Epub 2019 Aug 12.
Monitoring and modulating the diversity of signals used by neurons and glia in a closed-loop fashion is necessary to establish causative links between biochemical processes within the nervous system and observed behaviors. As developments in neural-interface hardware strive to keep pace with rapid progress in genetically encoded and synthetic reporters and modulators of neural activity, the integration of multiple functional features becomes a key requirement and a pressing challenge in the field of neural engineering. Electrical, optical and chemical approaches have been used to manipulate and record neuronal activity in vivo, with a recent focus on technologies that both integrate multiple modes of interaction with neurons into a single device and enable bidirectional communication with neural circuits with enhanced spatiotemporal precision. These technologies not only are facilitating a greater understanding of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral circuits in the context of health and disease, but also are informing the development of future closed-loop therapies for neurological, neuro-immune and neuroendocrine conditions.
以闭环方式监测和调节神经元和神经胶质细胞所使用的信号多样性，对于在神经系统内的生化过程和观察到的行为之间建立因果关系是必要的。随着神经接口硬件的发展努力跟上基因编码和合成神经活动报告器和调制器的快速进展，多个功能特性的集成成为神经工程领域的关键要求和紧迫挑战。电、光和化学方法已被用于在体内操纵和记录神经元活动，最近的重点是将多种与神经元相互作用的模式集成到单个设备中并实现与具有增强时空精度的神经回路进行双向通信的技术。这些技术不仅有助于在健康和疾病背景下更好地理解大脑、脊髓和周围回路，而且还为神经、神经免疫和神经内分泌疾病的未来闭环治疗的发展提供了信息。
