Abdullayev Amanmyrat, Bekheet Maged F, Hanaor Dorian A H, Gurlo Aleksander
Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
Membranes (Basel). 2019 Aug 21;9(9):105. doi: 10.3390/membranes9090105.
In water treatment applications, the use of ceramic membranes is associated with numerous advantages relative to polymer-based filtration systems. High-temperature stability, fouling resistance, and low maintenance requirements contribute to lower lifecycle costs in such systems. However, the high production costs of most commercially available ceramic membranes, stemming from raw materials and processing, are uneconomical for such systems in most water treatment applications. For this reason, there is a growing demand for new ceramic membranes based on low-cost raw materials and processes. The use of unrefined mineral feedstocks, clays, cement, sands, and ash as the basis for the fabrication of ceramic membranes offers a promising pathway towards the obtainment of effective filtration systems that can be economically implemented in large volumes. The design of effective ceramic filtration membranes based on low-cost raw materials and energy-efficient processes requires a balance of pore structure, mass flow, and robustness, all of which are highly dependent on the composition of materials used, the inclusion of various pore-forming and binding additives, and the thermal treatments to which membranes are subjected. In this review, we present recent developments in materials and processes for the fabrication of low-cost membranes from unrefined raw materials, including clays, zeolites, apatite, waste products, including fly ash and rice husk ash, and cement. We examine multiple aspects of materials design and address the challenges relating to their further development.
在水处理应用中，相对于基于聚合物的过滤系统，陶瓷膜的使用具有许多优点。高温稳定性、抗污染性和低维护要求有助于降低此类系统的生命周期成本。然而，大多数市售陶瓷膜由于原材料和加工成本高，在大多数水处理应用中对这类系统来说不经济。因此，对基于低成本原材料和工艺的新型陶瓷膜的需求日益增长。使用未精制的矿物原料、粘土、水泥、沙子和灰烬作为制造陶瓷膜的基础，为获得能够大规模经济实施的有效过滤系统提供了一条有前景的途径。基于低成本原材料和节能工艺设计有效的陶瓷过滤膜，需要平衡孔结构、质量流和坚固性，所有这些都高度依赖于所用材料的组成、各种造孔和粘结添加剂的加入以及膜所经受的热处理。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了用未精制原材料（包括粘土、沸石、磷灰石、包括飞灰和稻壳灰在内的废品以及水泥）制造低成本膜的材料和工艺的最新进展。我们研究了材料设计的多个方面，并探讨了与其进一步发展相关的挑战。
