Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Encyt Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS, Canada.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1152:131-172. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_8.
Metastatic breast cancer is the most common cancer in women after skin cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of 26%. Due to its high prevalence, it is important to develop therapies that go beyond those that just provide palliation of symptoms. Currently, there are several types of therapies available to help treat breast cancer including: hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy, with each one depending on both the location of metastases and morphological characteristics. Although technological and scientific advancements continue to pave the way for improved therapies that adopt a targeted and personalized approach, the fact remains that the outcomes of current first-line therapies have not significantly improved over the last decade. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of the pathology of metastatic breast cancer before thoroughly discussing local and systemic therapies that are administered to patients diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. In addition, our review will also elaborate on the genetic profile that is characteristic of breast cancer as well as the local tumor microenvironment that shapes and promotes tumor growth and cancer progression. Lastly, we will present promising novel therapies being developed for the treatment of this disease.
转移性乳腺癌是女性中仅次于皮肤癌的最常见癌症，5 年生存率为 26%。由于其高发病率，开发超越仅仅缓解症状的治疗方法非常重要。目前，有几种类型的治疗方法可用于帮助治疗乳腺癌，包括激素治疗、免疫治疗和化疗，每种方法都取决于转移部位和形态特征。尽管技术和科学的进步不断为采用靶向和个性化方法的改进疗法铺平道路，但事实上，过去十年中，当前一线疗法的结果并没有显著改善。在本章中，我们在彻底讨论用于诊断为转移性乳腺癌的患者的局部和全身治疗方法之前，回顾了转移性乳腺癌的病理学的当前理解。此外，我们的综述还将详细阐述乳腺癌的特征性遗传特征以及塑造和促进肿瘤生长和癌症进展的局部肿瘤微环境。最后，我们将介绍正在开发用于治疗这种疾病的有前途的新疗法。
