Senchukova Marina
Department of Oncology, Orenburg State Medical University, 460000 Orenburg, Russia.
Biomedicines. 2019 Aug 28;7(3):65. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines7030065.
People come in contact with a huge number of nanoparticles (NPs) throughout their lives, which can be of both natural and anthropogenic origin and are capable of entering the body through swallowing, skin penetration, or inhalation. In connection with the expanding use of nanomaterials in various industrial processes, the question of whether there is a need to study the potentially adverse effects of NPs on human health becomes increasingly important. Despite the fact that the nature and the extent of damage caused depends on the chemical and the physical characteristics of individual NPs, there are also general mechanisms related to their toxicity. These mechanisms include the ability of NPs to translocate to various organs through endocytosis, as well as their ability to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, metabolic changes, and potentially carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the main characteristics of NPs and the effects they cause at both cellular and tissue levels. We also focus on possible mechanisms that underlie the relationship of NPs with carcinogenesis. We briefly summarize the main concepts related to the role of endogenous mineral organic NPs in the development of various human diseases and their participation in extra-bone calcification. Considering data from both our studies and those published in scientific literature, we propose the revision of some ideas concerning extra-bone calcification, since it may be one of the factors associated with the initiation of the mechanisms of immunological tolerance.
人们在一生中会接触到大量的纳米颗粒（NPs），这些纳米颗粒可能来自天然和人为来源，并且能够通过吞咽、皮肤渗透或吸入进入人体。随着纳米材料在各种工业过程中的广泛应用，是否有必要研究纳米颗粒对人类健康的潜在不利影响这一问题变得越来越重要。尽管所造成损害的性质和程度取决于单个纳米颗粒的化学和物理特性，但也存在与其毒性相关的一般机制。这些机制包括纳米颗粒通过内吞作用转运到各个器官的能力，以及它们刺激活性氧（ROS）产生的能力，从而导致氧化应激、炎症、遗传毒性、代谢变化以及潜在的致癌作用。在本综述中，我们讨论了纳米颗粒的主要特征以及它们在细胞和组织水平上所引起的影响。我们还关注纳米颗粒与致癌作用关系背后的可能机制。我们简要总结了与内源性矿物有机纳米颗粒在各种人类疾病发展中的作用及其参与骨外钙化相关的主要概念。考虑到我们的研究数据以及科学文献中发表的数据，我们建议对一些关于骨外钙化的观点进行修订，因为它可能是与免疫耐受机制启动相关的因素之一。
