Bowan Patrick Aaniamenga, Kayaga Sam, Cotton Andrew, Fisher Julie
Water Engineering Development Centre, School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
J Health Pollut. 2019 Jul 23;9(23):190903. doi: 10.5696/2156-9614-9.23.190903. eCollection 2019 Sep.
The generation and management of solid waste pose potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment.
The present study examines the operational performance of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in the Wa Municipality, Ghana.
The study applied both qualitative and quantitative research methods and modelled the Wa Municipality's MSW disposal system using the municipal solid waste decision support tool (MSW DST). Acid gases (sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides) and total particulate matter that have a direct impact on human health were set as the objective functions for modelling five MSW disposal scenarios. The modelled scenarios were: 1) landfill disposal only; 2) composting and landfill disposal; 3) composting, incineration, refuse derived fuels (RDF) and landfill disposal; 4) separation, composting, incineration, RDF and landfill disposal; and 5) separation, transfer, material recovery, composting, incineration, RDF and landfill disposal. The pollutants chosen as indicators for substance flow analysis included lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper, chromium, and zinc.
Scenarios 4 and 5 produced the least engineering cost of 1 150 000 US $/year for the entire MSW disposal system, whereas scenario 2 produced the highest cost of 1 340 000 US $/year. Scenario 5 produced the least average health impacts of -5.812E-04 lbs/year, while scenario 2 generated the highest engineering cost and produced the highest average health impact of 9.358E-05 lbs/year. Scenarios 5 and 4, which included waste-to-energy conversion in the systems, produced the lowest average health impacts (-5.812E-04 lbs/year and -5.611E-04 lbs/year, respectively).
The adoption of an integrated solid waste management concept, including waste-to-energy technologies, will not only help to lessen MSW disposal hazards, but also to produce alternative sources of energy for Ghana and other developing countries.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
固体废物的产生和管理对人类健康和环境构成潜在的不利影响。
本研究考察了加纳瓦市城市固体废物（MSW）处置的运营绩效。
该研究应用了定性和定量研究方法，并使用城市固体废物决策支持工具（MSW DST）对瓦市的MSW处置系统进行建模。将对人类健康有直接影响的酸性气体（硫氧化物和氮氧化物）和总颗粒物设定为对五种MSW处置情景进行建模的目标函数。建模的情景包括：1）仅填埋处置；2）堆肥和填埋处置；3）堆肥、焚烧、垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）和填埋处置；4）分类、堆肥、焚烧、RDF和填埋处置；5）分类、转运、材料回收、堆肥、焚烧、RDF和填埋处置。选为物质流分析指标的污染物包括铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬和锌。
情景4和情景5使整个MSW处置系统的工程成本最低，为每年115万美元，而情景2的成本最高，为每年134万美元。情景5产生的平均健康影响最小，为-5.812E-04磅/年，而情景2产生的工程成本最高，平均健康影响最大，为9.358E-05磅/年。情景5和情景4在系统中纳入了废物能源转化，产生的平均健康影响最低（分别为-5.812E-04磅/年和-5.611E-04磅/年）。
采用包括废物能源技术在内的综合固体废物管理理念，不仅有助于减少MSW处置危害，还能为加纳和其他发展中国家产生替代能源。
作者声明不存在竞争性财务利益。
