Silveira Sylvia Rocha, Terry Stephanie Amelia, Biffin Tamara Elaine, Maurício Rogério Martins, Pereira Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro, Ferreira Alexandre Lima, Ribeiro Rafael Sandin, Sacramento João Paulo, Tomich Thierry Ribeiro, Machado Fernanda S, Campos Mariana M, Gama Marco Antonio Sundfeld, Chaves Alexandre Vieira
Bioengineering Department, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei, Brazil.
Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Front Vet Sci. 2019 Sep 4;6:295. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00295. eCollection 2019.
The objective of this study was to (a) evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with soybean cake (SBC) on feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, milk production, nutrient digestibility and CH emissions and (b) investigate whether a face-mask technique could be used to predict daily methane (CH) emissions in dairy cattle. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design, with 32 crossbred Holstein × Gyr cows (days in milk (DIM): 112 ± 25.1) randomly assigned to the following treatments ( = 8/group) for 75 days: (1) 0% SBC, (2) 6% SBC, (3) 14% SBC, and (4) 23% SBC, in place of SBM on a dry matter (DM) basis. Across the final 4 weeks of the study, CH production was estimated using the proposed face-mask technique subsequent to a respiration chamber measurement for an evaluation of treatment efficacy and face-mask accuracy. There was no effect of SBM replacement by SBC on intake, feeding or drinking behavior ( > 0.21). Total VFA concentration, the individual proportions of VFA and blood metabolites were not altered ( > 0.17) by SBC, however there was a tendency for decreased ( = 0.08) lactate and plasma urea nitrogen ( = 0.07) concentration associated with SBC addition. Fat-corrected milk yield (FCM) and composition was not affected ( > 0.27) by SBC; however, there was a tendency for decreased total milk solids ( = 0.07) and milk fat ( = 0.08) associated with 23% SBC treatment. There was no treatment × technique interaction ( > 0.05) effect on gas measurements. A maximum reduction ( = 0.01) in CH yield (g/kg DM) and intensity (g/kg milk) of 11 and 20%, respectively, was observed for the 14% SBC inclusion. Compared to the week of mask measurements, chambers decreased ( = 0.01) intake (kg/d, %BW) and increased ( = 0.05) FCM. The face-mask method over estimated O consumption by 5%. The face-mask method accurately predicted daily CH emissions when compared to the chamber at the same time-point. However, there was a linear bias of CH outputs so further evaluation of the calculation of total CH from a spot measurement is required.
(a) 评估用豆饼（SBC）替代豆粕（SBM）对采食行为、瘤胃发酵、产奶量、养分消化率和CH排放的影响；(b) 研究是否可以使用面罩技术预测奶牛的每日甲烷（CH）排放量。试验采用完全随机设计，将32头荷斯坦×吉尔杂交奶牛（泌乳天数（DIM）：112±25.1）随机分为以下处理组（每组 = 8头），为期75天：(1) 0% SBC，(2) 6% SBC，(3) 14% SBC，和(4) 23% SBC，以干物质（DM）为基础替代SBM。在研究的最后4周，在呼吸室测量后，使用建议的面罩技术估计CH产量，以评估处理效果和面罩准确性。用SBC替代SBM对采食量、采食或饮水行为没有影响（P>0.21）。SBC对总挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度、VFA的个体比例和血液代谢物没有改变（P>0.17），然而，添加SBC有降低乳酸（P = 0.08）和血浆尿素氮（P = 0.07）浓度的趋势。脂肪校正乳产量（FCM）和组成不受SBC影响（P>0.27）；然而，23% SBC处理组有降低总乳固体（P = 0.07）和乳脂（P = 0.08）的趋势。在气体测量方面，没有处理×技术交互作用（P>0.05）效应。对于14% SBC添加量，观察到CH产量（g/kg DM）和强度（g/kg乳）分别最大降低11%和20%（P = 0.01）。与面罩测量周相比，呼吸室降低了采食量（kg/d，%体重）（P = 0.01），增加了FCM（P = 0.05）。面罩法高估了O消耗量5%。与同一时间点的呼吸室相比，面罩法准确预测了每日CH排放量。然而，CH输出存在线性偏差，因此需要进一步评估从现场测量计算总CH的方法。
