Graves Christopher J, Weinreich Daniel M
Brown University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Computational and Molecular Biology. Providence, RI, USA.
Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2017;48(1):399-417. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022722. Epub 2017 Aug 28.
Evolutionary biologists often predict the outcome of natural selection on an allele by measuring its effects on lifetime survival and reproduction of individual carriers. However, alleles affecting traits like sex, evolvability, and cooperation can cause fitness effects that depend heavily on differences in the environmental, social, and genetic context of individuals carrying the allele. This variability makes it difficult to summarize the evolutionary fate of an allele based solely on its effects on any one individual. Attempts to average over this variability can sometimes salvage the concept of fitness. In other cases evolutionary outcomes can only be predicted by considering the entire genealogy of an allele, thus limiting the utility of individual fitness altogether. We describe a number of intriguing new evolutionary phenomena that have emerged in studies that explicitly model long-term lineage dynamics and discuss implications for the evolution of infectious diseases.
进化生物学家常常通过测量等位基因对个体携带者一生的生存和繁殖的影响，来预测自然选择对该等位基因的结果。然而，影响性别、可进化性和合作等性状的等位基因会导致适应性效应，而这些效应在很大程度上取决于携带该等位基因的个体在环境、社会和基因背景方面的差异。这种变异性使得仅根据等位基因对任何一个个体的影响来总结其进化命运变得困难。试图对这种变异性进行平均有时可以挽救适应性的概念。在其他情况下，只有通过考虑等位基因的整个谱系才能预测进化结果，从而完全限制了个体适应性的效用。我们描述了一些在明确模拟长期谱系动态的研究中出现的有趣的新进化现象，并讨论了对传染病进化的影响。
