Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
Nutr J. 2019 Nov 7;18(1):67. doi: 10.1186/s12937-019-0495-6.
Diet is a key risk factor for chronic disease, and an increasing concern among older adults. We aim to examine the changes in dietary patterns using principal component analysis and a diet quality index among older adults and examine the predictors of dietary change over a 4 year period.
Data was obtained via a postal survey in a prospective cohort, the Wellbeing Eating and Exercise for a Long Life (WELL) study. Australian adults aged 55 years and over (n = 1005 men and n = 1106 women) completed a food frequency at three time points and provided self-reported personal characteristics. Principal component analysis was used to assess dietary patterns and diet quality was assessed using the 2013 Revised Dietary Guideline Index. The relationships between predictors and change in dietary patterns were assessed by multiple linear regression.
Two dietary patterns were consistently identified in men and women at three time points over 4 years. One was characterised by vegetables, fruit and white meat, and the other was characterised by red and processed meat and processed foods. Reduced consumption of key food groups within the principal component analysis-determined dietary patterns was observed. An increase in diet quality over 4 years was observed in men only. Reported higher education levels and favourable lifestyle characteristics, including not smoking and physical activity, at baseline predicted an increase in healthier dietary patterns over 4 years.
There was stability in the main dietary patterns identified over time, however participants reported an overall decrease in the frequency of consumption of key food groups. Compliance with the Australian Dietary Guidelines remained poor and therefore targeting this population in nutritional initiatives is important. Design of nutrition promotion for older adults need to consider those with lower socioeconomic status, as having a lower level of education was a predictor of poorer dietary patterns. It is important to consider how nutrition behaviours can be targeted alongside other lifestyle behaviours, such as smoking and inadequate physical activity to improve health.
饮食是慢性病的一个关键风险因素，也是老年人越来越关注的问题。我们旨在使用主成分分析和饮食质量指数来检查老年人饮食模式的变化，并研究在 4 年内饮食变化的预测因素。
数据来自一项前瞻性队列的邮寄调查，即健康饮食和锻炼以延年益寿（WELL）研究。澳大利亚 55 岁及以上的成年人（n=1005 名男性和 n=1106 名女性）在三个时间点完成了食物频率调查，并提供了自我报告的个人特征。主成分分析用于评估饮食模式，2013 年修订后的饮食指南指数用于评估饮食质量。通过多元线性回归评估预测因素与饮食模式变化之间的关系。
在 4 年内的三个时间点，男性和女性都始终确定了两种饮食模式。一种以蔬菜、水果和白色肉类为特征，另一种以红色和加工肉类以及加工食品为特征。在所确定的主成分分析饮食模式中，关键食物组的摄入量减少。仅在男性中观察到 4 年内饮食质量的提高。基线时报告较高的教育水平和有利的生活方式特征，包括不吸烟和身体活动，可预测 4 年内更健康的饮食模式增加。
随着时间的推移，确定的主要饮食模式保持稳定，但参与者报告说，关键食物组的消费频率总体上有所下降。澳大利亚饮食指南的遵守情况仍然很差，因此在营养计划中针对这一人群很重要。针对老年人的营养促进计划的设计需要考虑那些社会经济地位较低的人群，因为教育程度较低是较差饮食模式的预测因素。重要的是要考虑如何将营养行为与其他生活方式行为（如吸烟和身体活动不足）一起针对，以改善健康。
