National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India.
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India.
J Microbiol Methods. 2019 Dec;167:105766. doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105766. Epub 2019 Nov 7.
Nanoparticles synthesized through the green route deserve special mention because this green technology is not only energy-efficient and cost-effective but also amenable to the environment. Various biological resources have been used for the generation of these 'green nanoparticles'. Biological wastes have also been focused in this direction thereby promoting the value of waste. Reports indicate that green nanoparticles exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activitiesboth singly as well as in combination with standard antibiotics. The current phenomenon of multi-drug resistance has resulted due to indiscriminate administration of high-doses of antibiotics followed by significant toxicity. In the face of this emergence of drug-resistant microbesthe efficacy of green nanoparticles might prove greatly beneficial. Microbial biofilm is another hurdle in the effective treatment of diseases as the microorganismsbeing embedded in the meshwork of the biofilmevade the antimicrobial agents. Nanoparticles may act as a ray of hope on the face of this challenge tooas they not only destroy the biofilms but also lessen the doses of antibiotics requiredwhen administered in combination with the nanoparticles. It should be further noted that the resistance mechanisms exhibited by the microorganisms seem not that relevant for nanoparticles. The current review, to the best of our knowledgefocuses on the structures of these green nanoparticles along with their biomedical potentials. It is interesting to note how a variety of structures are generated by using resources like microbes or plants or plant products and how the structure affects their activities. This study might pave the way for further development in this arena and future work may be taken up in identifying the detailed mechanism by which 'green' synthesis empowers nanoparticles to kill pathogenic microbes.
通过绿色路线合成的纳米粒子值得特别提及，因为这种绿色技术不仅节能且具有成本效益，而且还对环境友好。已经利用各种生物资源来生成这些“绿色纳米粒子”。在这方面，生物废物也受到了关注，从而提高了废物的价值。报告表明，绿色纳米粒子表现出显著的抗菌活性，无论是单独使用还是与标准抗生素联合使用。目前出现的多药耐药现象是由于滥用大剂量抗生素导致的显著毒性。面对这种耐药微生物的出现，绿色纳米粒子的疗效可能会非常有益。微生物生物膜是有效治疗疾病的另一个障碍，因为微生物嵌入生物膜的网络中，逃避了抗菌剂的作用。纳米粒子在应对这一挑战时也可能成为一线希望，因为它们不仅破坏生物膜，而且还减少了与纳米粒子联合使用时所需的抗生素剂量。值得进一步指出的是，微生物表现出的耐药机制似乎与纳米粒子关系不大。本综述在我们的知识范围内，重点介绍了这些绿色纳米粒子的结构及其在生物医学中的潜力。有趣的是，注意到如何使用微生物、植物或植物产品等资源生成各种结构，以及结构如何影响它们的活性。这项研究可能为该领域的进一步发展铺平道路，未来的工作可能是确定“绿色”合成使纳米粒子能够杀死致病微生物的详细机制。
