College of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California.
Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor.
JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Nov 1;2(11):e1916018. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16018.
The concept of minorities' diminished returns refers to the smaller protective effects of educational attainment for racial and ethnic minority groups compared with those for majority groups.
To explore racial and ethnic differences in the associations between parental educational attainment and youth outcomes among US adolescents.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional study was performed of 10 619 youth aged 12 to 17 years who were participants at wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a nationally representative survey, in 2013. Data analysis was performed from August to October 2019.
The dependent variables were youth tobacco dependence, aggression, school performance, psychological distress, and chronic medical conditions. The independent variable was parental educational attainment. Age and sex of the adolescents and marital status of the parents were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderating variables. Logistic regression was used for data analysis.
Among the participants, 5412 (51.0%) were aged 12 to 15 years, and 5207 (49.0%) were aged 16 to 17 years; 5480 (51.7%) were male. For non-Hispanic white youth, as parental educational attainment increased, there were stepwise reductions in the prevalence of tobacco dependence (13.2% vs 6.9% vs 2.7%), aggression (37.9% vs 34.8% vs 26.1%), low grade point average (84.2% vs 75.6% vs 53.3%), and chronic medical conditions (51.7% vs 50.8% vs 43.9%), but there was not such a trend for psychological distress (43.7% vs 48.6% vs 41.0%). Interactions were significant between Hispanic ethnicity and parental education on tobacco dependence (OR, 3.37 [95% CI, 2.00-5.69] for high school graduation; OR, 5.40 [95% CI, 2.52-11.56] for college graduation; P < .001 for both), aggression (OR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.09-1.81]; P = .008 for high school graduation; OR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.14-2.21]; P = .006 for college graduation), and psychological distress (OR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.05-2.13]; P = .03). Black race showed an interaction with college graduation on poor school performance (OR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.26-3.17]; P = .003) and chronic medical conditions (OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.14-2.14]; P = .005). All these findings suggest that the protective associations between high parental educational attainment and youth development might be systemically smaller for Hispanic and black youth than for non-Hispanic youth.
Although high parental educational attainment is associated with better outcomes for youth, this association is systemically less significant for Hispanic and black than non-Hispanic white youth. The result is an increased health risk in youth from middle class black and Hispanic families. Given the systemic pattern for outcomes across domains, the diminishing returns of parental educational attainment may be due to upstream social processes that hinder ethnic minority families from translating their capital and human resources into health outcomes.
少数民族回报减少的概念是指与多数群体相比，少数族裔群体受教育程度对其的保护作用较小。
探讨美国青少年中父母教育程度与青年结果之间的关联存在种族和民族差异。
设计、设置和参与者：这是一项横断面研究，共有 10619 名年龄在 12 至 17 岁的青少年参加了 2013 年全国代表性调查——人口评估烟草与健康（PATH）研究的第 1 波调查。数据分析于 2019 年 8 月至 10 月进行。
因变量为青少年的烟草依赖、攻击行为、学业成绩、心理困扰和慢性疾病。自变量为父母的教育程度。青少年的年龄和性别以及父母的婚姻状况为协变量。种族和民族为调节变量。采用逻辑回归进行数据分析。
参与者中，5412 名（51.0%）年龄为 12 至 15 岁，5207 名（49.0%）年龄为 16 至 17 岁；5480 名（51.7%）为男性。对于非西班牙裔白人青少年，随着父母教育程度的提高，烟草依赖的患病率呈逐渐下降趋势（13.2%比 6.9%比 2.7%）、攻击性（37.9%比 34.8%比 26.1%）、低平均绩点（84.2%比 75.6%比 53.3%）和慢性疾病（51.7%比 50.8%比 43.9%），但心理困扰没有这种趋势（43.7%比 48.6%比 41.0%）。西班牙裔种族与父母教育程度对烟草依赖（高中毕业：比值比[OR]，3.37[95%CI，2.00-5.69]；大学毕业：OR，5.40[95%CI，2.52-11.56]；均<0.001）、攻击行为（高中毕业：OR，1.41[95%CI，1.09-1.81]；P=0.008；大学毕业：OR，1.59[95%CI，1.14-2.21]；P=0.006）和心理困扰（OR，1.50[95%CI，1.05-2.13]；P=0.03）存在交互作用。黑人种族与大学毕业在学业成绩不佳（OR，2.00[95%CI，1.26-3.17]；P=0.003）和慢性疾病（OR，1.56[95%CI，1.14-2.14]；P=0.005）方面存在交互作用。所有这些发现表明，高父母教育程度与青少年发展之间的保护关联对于西班牙裔和黑人青少年来说，可能比非西班牙裔青少年系统性地更小。
尽管高父母教育程度与青少年的更好结果相关，但这种关联对于西班牙裔和黑人青少年来说，系统性地小于非西班牙裔白人青少年。结果是中产阶级黑人和西班牙裔家庭的青少年健康风险增加。鉴于各领域结果的系统模式，父母教育程度回报减少的可能是由于阻碍少数民族家庭将其资本和人力资源转化为健康结果的上游社会进程。
