微小 RNA 与外泌体：HIV 发病机制中的关键角色。
MicroRNAs and exosomes: key players in HIV pathogenesis.
机构信息
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
出版信息
HIV Med. 2020 Apr;21(4):246-278. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12822. Epub 2019 Nov 22.
OBJECTIVES
HIV infection is well known to cause impairment of the human immune system, and until recently was a leading cause of death. It has been shown that T lymphocytes are the main targets of HIV. The virus inactivates T lymphocytes by interfering with a wide range of cellular and molecular targets, leading to suppression of the immune system. The objective of this review is to investigate to what extent microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in HIV pathogenesis.
METHODS
The scientific literature (Pubmed and Google scholar) for the period 1988-2019 was searched.
RESULTS
Mounting evidence has revealed that miRNAs are involved in viral replication and immune response, whether by direct targeting of viral transcripts or through indirect modulation of virus-related host pathways. In addition, exosomes have been found to act as nanoscale carriers involved in HIV pathogenesis. These nanovehicles target their cargos (i.e. DNA, RNA, viral proteins and miRNAs) leading to alteration of the behaviour of recipient cells.
CONCLUSIONS
miRNAs and exosomes are important players in HIV pathogenesis. Additionally, there are potential diagnostic applications of miRNAs as biomarkers in HIV infection.
目的
众所周知，HIV 感染会损害人体免疫系统，且在近期仍是主要致死原因。研究表明，T 淋巴细胞是 HIV 的主要靶细胞。病毒通过干扰广泛的细胞和分子靶点使 T 淋巴细胞失活，从而导致免疫系统抑制。本综述旨在探讨 microRNAs（miRNAs）在 HIV 发病机制中的作用程度。
方法
检索了 1988 年至 2019 年期间的科学文献（Pubmed 和 Google scholar）。
结果
越来越多的证据表明，miRNAs 通过直接靶向病毒转录本或间接调节与病毒相关的宿主途径，参与病毒复制和免疫反应。此外，还发现外泌体作为参与 HIV 发病机制的纳米级载体发挥作用。这些纳米载体将其 cargo（即 DNA、RNA、病毒蛋白和 miRNAs）靶向到目标细胞，从而改变受体细胞的行为。
结论
miRNAs 和外泌体是 HIV 发病机制中的重要参与者。此外，miRNAs 作为 HIV 感染的生物标志物具有潜在的诊断应用。
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