IFSTTAR, GERS, EE, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; IRSTV, FR CNRS 2488, 44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
IFSTTAR, GERS, EE, F-44344 Bouguenais, France; IRSTV, FR CNRS 2488, 44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Feb;257:113477. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113477. Epub 2019 Nov 15.
Platinum-Group Elements (PGEs, i.e. platinum; Pt, palladium; Pd and rhodium; Rh) are extensively employed in the production of automotive catalytic converters to catalyze and control harmful emissions from exhaust fumes. But catalytic converters wear out over time and the emission of PGEs along with the exhaust fumes are nowadays known to be the main reason of the presence of PGEs in urban environments. PGEs contents were studied on three gasoline 3-way catalytic convertors with low, medium and high kilometers. PGEs emission factors via exhaust gases from Euro 3, 4, 5 and 6 gasoline and diesel vehicles, were monitored using catalytic converters. Results show variable content for PGEs for the three converters, in the ranges of 6-511, 0.5-2507 and 0.1-312 mg kg for Pt, Pd and Rh respectively. PGEs contents in different catalyst supports show the replacement of Pt by Pd in more recent converters. Analysis of the exhaust gas shows that catalytic converters expel up to 36.5 ± 3.8 ng km of Pt, 8.9 ± 1.1 ng km of Pd and 14.1 ± 1.5 ng km of Rh. Higher emissions of PGEs have been observed by gasoline Euro 3 vehicle, possibly due to the older technology of motorization and of the catalytic converter in this vehicle. Euro 3 and 4 diesel vehicles seem to emit more PGEs during urban cycles. Emission of PGEs has been also observed during the cold start of the majority of vehicles which seems to be the result of incomplete combustion during the rise of temperature in the engine. Higher PGEs emissions were also observed during motorway cycles in newer (Euro 4 and 5) petrol and diesel vehicles, conceivably due to the greater combustion as the engine speeds up during this cycle.
铂族元素（PGE，即铂；Pt、钯；Pd 和铑；Rh）广泛用于生产汽车催化转化器，以催化和控制废气中的有害排放。但随着时间的推移，催化转化器会磨损，而 PGE 与废气一起排放，现在已知是 PGE 存在于城市环境中的主要原因。研究了三个里程数较低、中、高的汽油三效催化转化器中的 PGE 含量。使用催化转化器监测了 Euro 3、4、5 和 6 汽油和柴油车辆通过废气排放的 PGE 排放因子。结果表明，三个转化器中 PGE 的含量不同，Pt、Pd 和 Rh 的范围分别为 6-511、0.5-2507 和 0.1-312mgkg。不同催化剂载体中的 PGE 含量表明，在最近的转化器中，Pt 被 Pd 取代。废气分析表明，催化转化器排出高达 36.5±3.8ngkm 的 Pt、8.9±1.1ngkm 的 Pd 和 14.1±1.5ngkm 的 Rh。Euro 3 汽油车排放的 PGE 较多，可能是由于该车辆的发动机和催化转化器技术较旧。Euro 3 和 4 柴油车在城市循环中似乎排放更多的 PGE。大多数车辆在冷启动时也观察到 PGE 的排放，这似乎是由于发动机升温过程中燃烧不完全造成的。在较新的（Euro 4 和 5）汽油和柴油车辆的高速公路循环中，也观察到较高的 PGE 排放，这可能是由于发动机在该循环中加速时燃烧加剧所致。
