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纳米颗粒在环境中的释放与催化转化器老化

Release of Nanoparticles in the Environment and Catalytic Converters Ageing.

作者信息

Navarro-Espinoza Sofía, Meza-Figueroa Diana, Guzmán Roberto, Duarte-Moller Alberto, Esparza-Ponce Hilda, Paz-Moreno Francisco, González-Grijalva Belem, Álvarez-Bajo Osiris, Schiavo Benedetto, Soto-Puebla Diego, Pedroza-Montero Martín

机构信息

Departamento de Física, Posgrado en Nanotecnología, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico.

Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico.

出版信息

Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Dec 16;11(12):3406. doi: 10.3390/nano11123406.

DOI:10.3390/nano11123406
PMID:34947754
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8709230/
Abstract

A Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) contains a cordierite ceramic monolith coated with a layer of AlO, CeZrO and platinoids mixture. Under standard operation, the platinoid concentration decreases, exposing the remaining washcoat structure. After that particle release stage, the sintering process follows where the crystalline CeZrO solution is broken and begins to separate into ZrO and CeO phases. ZrO is released to the environment as micro and nanoparticles, while a small amount of CeO generates a new AlCeO composite. The main effect of Ce capture is the growth in the size of the polycrystal structure from 86.13 ± 16.58 nm to 225.35 ± 69.51 nm. Moreover, a transformation of cordierite to mullite was identified by XRD analysis. Raman spectra showed that the oxygen vacancies (Vö) concentration decreased as CeZrO phases separation occurred The SEM-EDS revealed the incorporation of new spurious elements and microfractures favouring the detachment of the TWC support structure. The release of ultrafine particles is a consequence of catalytic devices overusing. The emission of refractory micro to nanocrystals to the atmosphere may represent an emerging public health issue underlining the importance of implementing strict worldwide regulations on regular TWCs replacement.

摘要

三元催化剂（TWC）包含一个涂有一层氧化铝、铈锆氧化物和铂族金属混合物的堇青石陶瓷整体。在标准操作下，铂族金属浓度降低，使剩余的涂层结构暴露出来。在那个颗粒释放阶段之后，烧结过程随之而来，此时结晶的铈锆氧化物溶液被破坏并开始分离成氧化锆和氧化铈相。氧化锆以微米和纳米颗粒的形式释放到环境中，而少量的氧化铈会生成一种新的铝铈氧化物复合材料。铈捕获的主要影响是多晶结构的尺寸从86.13±16.58纳米增长到225.35±69.51纳米。此外，通过X射线衍射分析确定堇青石向莫来石发生了转变。拉曼光谱表明，随着铈锆氧化物相的分离，氧空位（Vö）浓度降低。扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析揭示了新的杂质元素的掺入以及有利于三元催化剂载体结构分离的微裂缝。超细颗粒的释放是催化装置过度使用的结果。向大气中排放难熔的微米到纳米晶体可能代表一个新出现的公共卫生问题，凸显了在全球范围内实施严格的定期更换三元催化剂法规的重要性。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/b36743998304/nanomaterials-11-03406-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/df4cb6d0f4d1/nanomaterials-11-03406-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/5c0d4654bd84/nanomaterials-11-03406-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/f0967bd8bb07/nanomaterials-11-03406-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/b6b82eb90c69/nanomaterials-11-03406-g004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/90b3a2f5a382/nanomaterials-11-03406-g005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/2c66e5a8c56e/nanomaterials-11-03406-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/10aca9b107e8/nanomaterials-11-03406-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/b36743998304/nanomaterials-11-03406-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/df4cb6d0f4d1/nanomaterials-11-03406-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/5c0d4654bd84/nanomaterials-11-03406-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/f0967bd8bb07/nanomaterials-11-03406-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/b6b82eb90c69/nanomaterials-11-03406-g004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/90b3a2f5a382/nanomaterials-11-03406-g005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/2c66e5a8c56e/nanomaterials-11-03406-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/10aca9b107e8/nanomaterials-11-03406-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/d655/8709230/b36743998304/nanomaterials-11-03406-g008.jpg

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