Fukshansky N, Hummel K
Institut für Blutgruppenserologie, Universität Freiburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
Z Rechtsmed. 1988;100(4):243-57. doi: 10.1007/BF00201160.
In a given case with two or more siblings the bloodgroup findings may yield a high plausibility of paternity for the alleged father of the children whilst the HLA-A,B characteristics may exhibit an exclusion of fatherhood of one or other of the siblings. But this "exclusion" may disappear assuming an HLA-A,B recombination of a father's (or mother's) gamete. In such cases simple calculations (i.e., by hand) can provide the serostatistical characteristic L = Y/X (after Essen-Möller) for the given HLA-A,B constellation. In two-child cases with HLA-A,B findings for the putative father, the two pedigrees for the counterhypothesis Y are Yg1 and Yg2. The one holds for the case where the putative father is the father of child 1 and the other for the case where he is the father of child 2; in each case an unknown man is the father of the other child. The likelihood ratio is calculated as follows: L = Y/X = 1/r.p(3,3).p(3,4).[p(4,4) + p(4,3)]/[p(3,3).p(4,4) + p(3,4).p(4,3)], where p(3,3) and p(4,4) are the frequencies of the putative father's HLA-A,B haplotypes in the pedigree YH1, p(3,4) and p(4,3) those in pedigree YH2, and where r is the recombination rate. In three-child cases and others in which the putative father is deceased and HLA results from legitimate children or siblings are available, and in which fatherhood is only possible if a recombinant haplotype interferes, only one counter-hypothesis exists. In these cases, the likelihood ratio is represented by L = Y/X = 2/r.p(HR).2I, where p(HR) means the frequency of the recombinant HLA-A,B haplotype, r the recombination rate and I(0, 1 or 2) the "difference in determined types."
在一个涉及两个或更多兄弟姐妹的特定案例中，血型检测结果可能使被指控的孩子父亲具有较高的亲子关系可能性，而HLA - A、B特征可能显示一个或另一个兄弟姐妹被排除亲子关系。但假设父亲（或母亲）的配子发生HLA - A、B重组，这种“排除”可能消失。在这种情况下，简单计算（即手动计算）可以为给定的HLA - A、B组合提供血清统计学特征L = Y/X（根据埃森 - 默勒方法）。在有假定父亲的HLA - A、B检测结果的二孩案例中，反假设Y的两个谱系分别是Yg1和Yg2。一个适用于假定父亲是孩子1的父亲的情况，另一个适用于他是孩子2的父亲的情况；在每种情况下，另一个孩子的父亲是未知男子。似然比计算如下：L = Y/X = 1/r.p(3,3).p(3,4).[p(4,4) + p(4,3)]/[p(3,3).p(4,4) + p(3,4).p(4,3)]，其中p(3,3)和p(4,4)是假定父亲的HLA - A、B单倍型在谱系YH1中的频率，p(3,4)和p(4,3)是在谱系YH2中的频率，r是重组率。在三孩案例以及其他假定父亲已去世且有合法孩子或兄弟姐妹的HLA结果可用的案例中，并且只有当重组单倍型起作用时亲子关系才有可能，此时只存在一个反假设。在这些情况下，似然比表示为L = Y/X = 2/r.p(HR).2I，其中p(HR)表示重组HLA - A、B单倍型的频率，r是重组率，I（0、1或2）是“确定类型的差异”。
