School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2020 Aug 3;12(8):a037218. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037218.
Heart development is a complex process and begins with the long-range migration of cardiac progenitor cells during gastrulation. This culminates in the formation of a simple contractile tube with multiple layers, which undergoes remodeling into a four-chambered heart. During this morphogenesis, additional cell populations become incorporated. It is important to unravel the underlying genetic and cellular mechanisms to be able to identify the embryonic origin of diseases, including congenital malformations, which impair cardiac function and may affect life expectancy or quality. Owing to the evolutionary conservation of development, observations made in nonamniote and amniote vertebrate species allow us to extrapolate to human. This review will focus on the contributions made to a better understanding of heart development through studying avian embryos-mainly the chicken but also quail embryos. We will illustrate the classic and recent approaches used in the avian system, give an overview of the important discoveries made, and summarize the early stages of cardiac development up to the establishment of the four-chambered heart.
心脏发育是一个复杂的过程，始于原肠胚形成期心脏祖细胞的长程迁移。这最终导致形成具有多层的简单收缩管，并经历重塑成为四腔心脏。在这个形态发生过程中，会有额外的细胞群体被整合进来。揭示潜在的遗传和细胞机制对于能够识别疾病的胚胎起源非常重要，包括先天性畸形，这些畸形会损害心脏功能，并可能影响预期寿命或生活质量。由于发育的进化保守性，在非羊膜动物和羊膜脊椎动物物种中观察到的现象允许我们推断到人类。这篇综述将重点介绍通过研究禽类胚胎（主要是鸡，但也包括鹌鹑胚胎）对心脏发育的深入理解所做出的贡献。我们将举例说明在禽类系统中使用的经典和最新方法，概述所做出的重要发现，并总结心脏发育的早期阶段，直到四腔心脏的建立。
