Gernant Stephanie A, Bacci Jennifer L, Upton Charlie, Ferreri Stefanie P, McGrath Stephanie, Chui Michelle A, Rickles Nathaniel M, Smith Marie
University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, USA.
University of Washington School of Pharmacy, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020 Jun;16(6):766-775. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.08.034. Epub 2019 Aug 19.
Variation describing pharmacists' patient care services exist, and this variation contributes to the prevalent misunderstanding of pharmacists' roles. In contrast, standard phraseology is a critical practice among highly reliable organizations and a way to reduce variation and confusion.
This work aims to identify and define pharmacists' patient care service terms to identify redundancies and opportunities for standardization.
Between May to August 2018, terms and definitions were searched via PubMed, Google Scholar and statements/policies of professional pharmacy organizations. Two references per term were sought to provide an "early definition" and a "contemporary definition." Only literature published in English was included, and data gathered from each citation included the date published, the term's definition, and characterization of the reference's source as either a regulatory or professional body. A five-person expert panel used an iterative technique to revise and verify the list of included terms and subsequent literature review results. Terms were then searched in the National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Heading Database (MeSH) in July, 2019.
There are fifteen commonly misunderstood terms that refer to the patient care services provided by pharmacists. The appearance of these terms in the literature spanned nearly five decades. Nearly half of terms appeared first in regulatory, law or policy documents; of these, two terms had contemporary definitions appearing in the professional literature that differed from their early regulatory definition. Three opportunities to improve standardization include: (1) Implementation of standardized phraseology systems similar to nursing's Clinical Care Classification System; (2) Academics' adherence to standardized MeSH terms; and (3) Clarification of pharmacy education accreditation standards.
Numerous terms are used to describe pharmacists' patient care services, with many definitions of terms overlapping in several key components. The profession has made concerted efforts to consolidate and standardize terminology in the past, but more opportunities exist.
描述药剂师患者护理服务的术语存在差异，这种差异导致了对药剂师角色普遍存在误解。相比之下，标准术语是高可靠性组织的一项关键实践，也是减少差异和混乱的一种方式。
这项工作旨在识别和定义药剂师患者护理服务术语，以找出冗余之处和标准化的机会。
2018年5月至8月期间，通过PubMed、谷歌学术以及专业药学组织的声明/政策搜索术语和定义。每个术语寻求两个参考文献，以提供“早期定义”和“当代定义”。仅纳入英文发表的文献，从每篇引用文献收集的数据包括发表日期、术语定义以及参考文献来源作为监管机构或专业机构的特征。一个五人专家小组采用迭代技术来修订和验证纳入术语列表及后续文献综述结果。2019年7月，在国立医学图书馆的医学主题词数据库（MeSH）中搜索这些术语。
有15个常被误解的术语涉及药剂师提供的患者护理服务。这些术语在文献中的出现时间跨度近五十年。近一半的术语首次出现在监管、法律或政策文件中；其中，有两个术语的当代定义在专业文献中与早期监管定义不同。改善标准化的三个机会包括：（1）实施类似于护理临床护理分类系统的标准化术语系统；（2）学术界坚持使用标准化的MeSH术语；（3）澄清药学教育认证标准。
有许多术语用于描述药剂师的患者护理服务，许多术语的定义在几个关键组成部分上重叠。该行业过去已共同努力整合和规范术语，但仍存在更多机会。
