Maturation of pyramidal cells in anterior piriform cortex may be sufficient to explain the end of early olfactory learning in rats.

Studies have shown that neonate rodents exhibit high ability to learn a preference for novel odors associated with thermo-tactile stimuli that mimics maternal care. Artificial odors paired with vigorous strokes in rat pups younger than 10 postnatal days (P), but not older, rapidly induce an orientation-approximation behavior toward the conditioned odor in a two-choice preference test. The olfactory bulb (OB) and the anterior olfactory cortex (aPC), both modulated by norepinephrine (NE), have been identified as part of a neural circuit supporting this transitory olfactory learning. One possible explanation at the neuronal level for why the odor-stroke pairing induces consistent orientation-approximation behavior in <P10 pups, but not in >P10, is the coincident activation of prior existent neurons in the aPC mediating this behavior. Specifically, odor-stroke conditioning in <P10 pups may activate more mother/nest odor's responsive aPC neurons than in >P10 pups, promoting orientation-approximation behavior in the former but not in the latter. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed in vitro patch-clamp recordings of the aPC pyramidal neurons from rat pups from two age groups (P5-P8 and P14-P17) and built computational models for the OB-aPC neural circuit based on this physiological data. We conditioned the P5-P8 OB-aPC artificial circuit to an odor associated with NE activation (representing the process of maternal odor learning during mother-infant interactions inside the nest) and then evaluated the response of the OB-aPC circuit to the presentation of the conditioned odor. The results show that the number of responsive aPC neurons to the presentation of the conditioned odor in the P14-P17 OB-aPC circuit was lower than in the P5-P8 circuit, suggesting that at P14-P17, the reduced number of responsive neurons to the conditioned (maternal) odor might not be coincident with the responsive neurons for a second conditioned odor.