Department of Econonomics, Faculty of Business, Dokuz Eylul University, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Feb;27(6):5901-5911. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-07378-y. Epub 2019 Dec 20.
This paper investigates the convergence of per capita renewable energy consumption across 15 core EU member countries over the period 1990-2018. In addition to the traditional convergence tests, this paper employs a Lagrange multiplier (LM)-based panel unit root test that allows for two endogenously determined structural breaks to test for the stochastic convergence. Given the shortcomings of stochastic convergence tests in light of the possibility of multiple equilibria associated with groups of countries following different convergence paths, the club convergence algorithm is also employed. Traditional cross-sectional tests indicate that both β- and σ-convergence of per capita renewable energy consumption exist across the EU-15 countries. Moreover, the results of stochastic convergence tests reveal that relative per capita renewable energy consumption is converging across the sampled countries over the sample period. However, the club convergence test results suggest the rejection of full panel club convergence and the presence of a certain number of clubs for the variable of interest.
本文考察了 1990 年至 2018 年间 15 个欧盟核心成员国人均可再生能源消费的趋同情况。除了传统的趋同检验外，本文还采用了基于拉格朗日乘数（LM）的面板单位根检验，允许两个内生确定的结构断点来检验随机趋同。鉴于随机趋同检验在与跟随不同趋同路径的国家群体相关的多个均衡的可能性方面存在缺陷，因此还采用了俱乐部趋同算法。传统的横截面检验表明，欧盟 15 国的人均可再生能源消费存在β趋同和σ趋同。此外，随机趋同检验的结果表明，在样本期间，被抽样国家的相对人均可再生能源消费趋于收敛。然而，俱乐部趋同检验结果表明，对于感兴趣的变量，完全面板俱乐部趋同和一定数量的俱乐部被拒绝。
