Faculty of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Northern Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Famagusta, Turkey.
Montpelier Business School, Montpelier, France.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Feb;26(4):3308-3319. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3858-1. Epub 2018 Dec 1.
This study examines the convergence properties of CO intensity in EU-28 countries, using panel data for the period 1990 to 2016. We use Phillips and Sul's (2007) approach to test for CO intensity convergence and identify convergence clubs. In addition to the EU-28 members, we analyze the EU-15, and the new EU members (EU-new) that joined after 2004, as distinct groups for the periods 1990-2016, 1990-2004, and 2005-2016. Our results show no convergence to a single group among the EU countries during the full and two subsample periods. However, the convergence takes place within five to seven clubs for the EU-28 and within three to five clubs for the EU-15 and EU-new. There is no evidence of all members converging to a single club in either group or the three sub-periods examined. This study highlights the need for adopting new strategies considering club properties and for sustainable growth, which meets the EU-28 environmental regulation standards.
本研究利用 1990 年至 2016 年的面板数据，考察了欧盟 28 国 CO 强度的趋同特性。我们采用菲利普斯和苏尔（2007 年）的方法来检验 CO 强度趋同，并确定趋同俱乐部。除了欧盟 28 个成员国外，我们还分别对欧盟 15 国和 2004 年后加入的新欧盟成员国（EU-new）进行了分析，将其分为三个不同的组，分别为 1990-2016 年、1990-2004 年和 2005-2016 年。我们的研究结果表明，在整个时期和两个子样本时期内，欧盟国家之间没有趋同于单一集团的现象。然而，在欧盟 28 国和欧盟 15 国和 EU-new 中，趋同现象发生在五个到七个俱乐部内和三个到五个俱乐部内。在这两个组或三个子时期中，都没有证据表明所有成员国都趋同于一个俱乐部。本研究强调了需要采取新的战略，考虑俱乐部的性质和可持续增长，以满足欧盟 28 国的环境法规标准。
