Centre for Globalisation and Sustainability Research, Multimedia University, 75450, Melaka, Malaysia.
Universidad de Navarra Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Edificio Biblioteca, Entrada Este, 31080, Pamplona, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jun;25(18):17289-17299. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-1920-7. Epub 2018 Apr 13.
In this article, we have examined the hypothesis of convergence of renewable energy consumption in 27 OECD countries. However, instead of relying on classical techniques, which are based on the dichotomy between stationarity I(0) and nonstationarity I(1), we consider a more flexible approach based on fractional integration. We employ both parametric and semiparametric techniques. Using parametric methods, evidence of convergence is found in the cases of Mexico, Switzerland and Sweden along with the USA, Portugal, the Czech Republic, South Korea and Spain, and employing semiparametric approaches, we found evidence of convergence in all these eight countries along with Australia, France, Japan, Greece, Italy and Poland. For the remaining 13 countries, even though the orders of integration of the series are smaller than one in all cases except Germany, the confidence intervals are so wide that we cannot reject the hypothesis of unit roots thus not finding support for the hypothesis of convergence.
在本文中，我们检验了 27 个经合组织国家可再生能源消费趋同的假设。然而，我们没有依赖基于平稳性 I(0)和非平稳性 I(1)二分法的经典技术，而是考虑了一种更灵活的基于分数整合的方法。我们同时采用了参数和半参数技术。使用参数方法，在墨西哥、瑞士和瑞典以及美国、葡萄牙、捷克共和国、韩国和西班牙的情况下发现了趋同的证据，而采用半参数方法，我们在所有这八个国家以及澳大利亚、法国、日本、希腊、意大利和波兰的情况下也发现了趋同的证据。对于其余 13 个国家，尽管除德国外，所有情况下序列的整合阶数都小于 1，但置信区间非常宽，以至于我们不能拒绝单位根的假设，因此没有为趋同的假设提供支持。
