Effects of different empirical tunnel design approaches on rock mass behaviour during tunnel widening.

Empirical based approaches play an important role in tunnel excavation and support system design. These approaches are considered to be very effective in optimising the process of tunnel excavation and particularly tunnel widening. Several reliable empirical approaches have been developed, however the selection or utilisation of an appropriate empirical method for designing the widening of a tunnel is still a challenging task. Therefore, in this work, the analysis of seven different empirical design approaches was carried out to determine the rock mass behaviour during tunnel widening in high in-situ stress state. These approaches include New Austrian Tunnelling Method, Rock Mass Rating, Rock Mass Quality, Rock Mass Index, Rock Structure Rating, Geological Strength Index and Basic Quality Index. On the basis of simulated statistical results obtained from the said empirical approaches, it was found that the application of Rock Mass Quality approach is highly effective in the tunnel widening since it can satisfactorily incorporate the equivalent dimensions and in-situ stress condition of widened tunnel. The method furnishes optimised reinforcement and support design. Additionally, this study also produces reliable data related to the initial excavation of tunnel which can be helpful in defining precise rock mass parameters during tunnel widening.