Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States.
Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
Front Immunol. 2019 Dec 18;10:2909. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02909. eCollection 2019.
The cell envelope has been evolving over time to make the bacterium transmissible and adaptable to the human host. In this context, the cell envelope contains a peripheral barrier full of lipids, some of them unique, which confer with a unique shield against the different host environments that the bacterium will encounter at the different stages of infection. This lipid barrier is mainly composed of glycolipids that can be characterized by three different subsets: trehalose-containing, mannose-containing, and 6-deoxy-pyranose-containing glycolipids. In this review, we explore the roles of these cell envelope glycolipids in virulence and pathogenesis, drug resistance, and further, how these glycolipids may dictate the cell envelope evolution from ancient to modern strains. Finally, we address how these cell envelope glycolipids are impacted by the host lung alveolar environment, their role in vaccination and masking host immunity, and subsequently the impact of these glycolipids in shaping how interacts with host cells, manipulating their immune response to favor the establishment of an infection.
细胞壁一直在进化，以使细菌具有传染性，并能适应人体宿主。在这种情况下，细胞壁包含一个充满脂质的外围屏障，其中一些是独特的，它们赋予细菌独特的盾牌，以抵御细菌在感染的不同阶段将遇到的不同宿主环境。这个脂质屏障主要由糖脂组成，可以分为三个不同的子集：含有海藻糖、甘露糖和 6-脱氧吡喃糖的糖脂。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了这些细胞 envelope 糖脂在毒力和发病机制、耐药性中的作用，以及这些糖脂如何决定从古代到现代菌株的细胞 envelope 进化。最后，我们探讨了这些细胞 envelope 糖脂如何受到宿主肺泡环境的影响，它们在疫苗接种和掩盖宿主免疫中的作用，以及随后这些糖脂在塑造 与宿主细胞相互作用、操纵宿主免疫反应以有利于感染建立方面的作用。
