Thomas Oliver S, Weber Wilfried
Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019 Dec 17;7:415. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00415. eCollection 2019.
The exploitation of nanosized materials for the delivery of therapeutic agents is already a clinical reality and still holds unrealized potential for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This review discusses physiological barriers a nanocarrier must overcome in order to reach its target, with an emphasis on cancer nanomedicine. Stages of delivery include residence in the blood stream, passive accumulation by virtue of the enhanced permeability and retention effect, diffusion within the tumor lesion, cellular uptake, and arrival at the site of action. We also briefly outline strategies for engineering nanoparticles to more efficiently overcome these challenges: Increasing circulation half-life by shielding with hydrophilic polymers, such as PEG, the limitations of PEG and potential alternatives, targeting and controlled activation approaches. Future developments in these areas will allow us to harness the full potential of nanomedicine.
利用纳米材料递送治疗剂已成为临床现实，并且在治疗多种疾病方面仍具有尚未实现的潜力。本综述讨论了纳米载体为到达其靶标必须克服的生理屏障，重点是癌症纳米医学。递送阶段包括在血流中的停留、借助增强的通透性和滞留效应的被动积累、在肿瘤病变内的扩散、细胞摄取以及到达作用部位。我们还简要概述了对纳米颗粒进行工程设计以更有效地克服这些挑战的策略：通过用亲水性聚合物（如聚乙二醇）进行屏蔽来延长循环半衰期、聚乙二醇的局限性及潜在替代物、靶向和可控激活方法。这些领域的未来发展将使我们能够充分发挥纳米医学的潜力。
