Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States.
Environ Int. 2020 Mar;136:105465. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105465. Epub 2020 Jan 13.
Feminine hygiene products, a category of daily necessities, can be a source of exposure to plasticizers and antimicrobial agents in women. Nevertheless, studies on the occurrence of chemicals in feminine hygiene products have received little attention. In this study, 24 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), comprising nine phthalates, six parabens, eight bisphenols, and triclocarban (TCC) were measured in seven categories of feminine hygiene products (i.e., pads, panty liners, tampons, wipes, bactericidal creams and solutions, and deodorant sprays and powders; N = 77) collected in the Albany area of New York State in the United States. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), methyl paraben (MeP), and ethyl paraben (EtP) were found in all pad, panty liner, and tampon samples. Panty liners contained the highest concentrations of DMP (median: 249 ng/g), DEP (386 ng/g), DBP (393 ng/g), and DIBP (299 ng/g) and tampons contained the highest concentrations of DEHP (267 ng/g). MeP, EtP, and propyl paraben (PrP) were the major parabens found in feminine hygiene products. Bactericidal creams and solutions contained median concentrations of MeP, EtP and PrP at 2840, 734, and 278 ng/g, respectively. The estimated exposure doses of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols through the dermal absorption pathway from the use of pads, panty liners, and tampons were significant. In comparison with the exposure doses reported previously from other sources and pathways, the significance of feminine hygiene products as sources of EDC exposure was delineated. The dermal absorption doses from the use of feminine hygiene products, under different exposure scenarios, were 0.19-27.9% and 0.01-6.2% of the total exposure doses of phthalates and bisphenols, respectively. This is the first study to report the occurrence of phthalates, parabens, bisphenols, and TCC in feminine hygiene products from the United States.
个人卫生用品是一类日用品，可能是妇女接触塑化剂和抗菌剂的来源之一。然而，有关个人卫生用品中化学物质的发生情况的研究却很少受到关注。在这项研究中，测量了 24 种内分泌干扰化学物质（EDC），包括 9 种邻苯二甲酸酯、6 种对羟基苯甲酸酯、8 种双酚和三氯生（TCC），它们来自美国纽约州奥尔巴尼地区的 7 类个人卫生用品（即护垫、护垫、卫生棉条、湿巾、杀菌乳膏和溶液、除臭喷雾和粉末；N=77）。己二酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（MeP）和乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（EtP）均存在于所有护垫、护垫和卫生棉条样本中。护垫中的 DMP（中位数：249ng/g）、DEP（386ng/g）、DBP（393ng/g）和 DIBP（299ng/g）浓度最高，卫生棉条中 DEHP（267ng/g）浓度最高。MeP、EtP 和丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（PrP）是个人卫生用品中主要的对羟基苯甲酸酯。杀菌乳膏和溶液中 MeP、EtP 和 PrP 的浓度中位数分别为 2840、734 和 278ng/g。通过皮肤吸收途径从使用护垫、护垫和卫生棉条中估计的邻苯二甲酸酯、对羟基苯甲酸酯和双酚的暴露剂量是显著的。与以前从其他来源和途径报告的暴露剂量相比，个人卫生用品作为内分泌干扰物暴露源的重要性得到了明确。在不同的暴露情景下，通过使用个人卫生用品进行皮肤吸收的剂量分别占邻苯二甲酸酯和双酚总暴露剂量的 0.19-27.9%和 0.01-6.2%。这是第一项报告来自美国的个人卫生用品中存在邻苯二甲酸酯、对羟基苯甲酸酯、双酚和三氯生的研究。
