Makaruk Hubert, Porter Jared M, Bodasińska Anna, Palmer Stephanie
Department of Athletics and Swimming, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland.
Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2020 Nov;20(10):1378-1386. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1720829. Epub 2020 Feb 9.
Penalty kicks often play a decisive role in the most prestigious international football tournaments. The present study investigated whether shooting performance of the penalty kick in football would be improved by providing specific attentional and motivational instructions. Twenty-four experienced male volunteers were asked to kick a ball at one of four targets located in a regulation-sized goal. Using a goalkeeper-independent strategy, subjects performed the penalty kicks under external focus (EF; targets in the goal), autonomy support (AS; choice of target order), combining external focus and autonomy support (EF/AS), and control conditions (C). A goalkeeper tried to save the ball during each attempt. The mean number of scored goals and kicking accuracy of goal scored were used to determine penalty kick performance. The EF/AS combination enhanced the number of goals scored compared to the C condition. No other significant differences were observed between the conditions in the number of goals scored. The EF/AS group displayed greater kicking accuracy of goals scored relative to the AS and C conditions. Also, the kicking accuracy of the EF condition was significantly better than the C condition. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the EF/AS condition resulted in fewer missed shots compared to the C condition. There were no significant differences in blocked shots between the conditions. The findings suggest that promoting an external focus of attention and autonomy support collectively may enhance penalty kick performance.
点球在最负盛名的国际足球比赛中往往起着决定性作用。本研究调查了通过提供特定的注意力和动机指导是否能提高足球点球的射门表现。24名经验丰富的男性志愿者被要求向标准尺寸球门内的四个目标之一踢球。采用一种与守门员无关的策略，受试者在外部焦点（EF；球门内的目标）、自主支持（AS；目标顺序选择）、外部焦点与自主支持相结合（EF/AS）以及对照条件（C）下进行点球。每次尝试时，一名守门员试图扑球。用进球的平均数量和进球的射门准确率来确定点球表现。与C条件相比，EF/AS组合提高了进球数量。各条件之间在进球数量上未观察到其他显著差异。相对于AS和C条件，EF/AS组在进球的射门准确率方面表现更高。此外，EF条件下的射门准确率显著优于C条件。此外，结果表明，与C条件相比，EF/AS条件下的射门失误更少。各条件之间在被封堵射门方面没有显著差异。研究结果表明，共同促进外部注意力焦点和自主支持可能会提高点球表现。
