Soliman Waleed S, Shaapan Raafat M, Mohamed Laila A, Gayed Samira S R
Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
Department of Zoonotic Diseases, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
Open Vet J. 2019 Oct;9(3):190-195. doi: 10.4314/ovj.v9i3.2. Epub 2019 Jul 20.
The objective of this review is to control fish bacterial diseases or infections through application of some promising novel biocontrol methods, such as probiotics, bio-encapsulated vaccines, and phage therapy, to avoid the disadvantages of traditional one that potentially affects fish and human health. Bacterial infection in intensive fish farming causes mass mortalities and the treatment of that requires the intensive use of chemicals and antibiotics. Several methods have been tried to control fish diseases including the use of antibiotics, but their haphazard use is associated with potentially negative effects as drug resistance and drug residues. The use of probiotics as biocontrol agents for aquaculture is increasing with the demand for environmental beneficial, eco-friendly alternatives for sustainable aquaculture production. The benefits of such supplements include improved food value, inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, and increased immune response. The bio-encapsulated vaccine appears to be the most attractive method for releasing of vaccines. Several bioactive molecules which are specific for some diseases have been successfully encapsulated with nanoparticles in order to enhance their availability, bioactivity, and controlled delivery. Recently, "reverse vaccine" by using bio-informatics that aids in designing vaccines against infectious pathogens that are difficult to design, especially the intracellular bacteria. Additionally, the use of bacteriophages for biological control of pathogens in cultured fish has gained much interest. Several bacteriophages have been isolated specific to various pathogenic bacteria. Oral administration of phage cocktail is the most suitable way of application in fish, especially when large number of infected fish should be manipulated. Hence, in the following paragraphs, we will discuss some promising novel biocontrol methods that target the fish pathogens like probiotics, bio-encapsulated vaccines, and phage therapy.
本综述的目的是通过应用一些有前景的新型生物防治方法，如益生菌、生物包封疫苗和噬菌体疗法，来控制鱼类细菌性疾病或感染，以避免传统方法可能影响鱼类和人类健康的缺点。集约化养鱼中的细菌感染会导致大量死亡，对此类感染的治疗需要大量使用化学物质和抗生素。人们尝试了多种方法来控制鱼类疾病，包括使用抗生素，但抗生素的随意使用会带来潜在的负面影响，如耐药性和药物残留。随着对环境有益、生态友好的可持续水产养殖替代方案的需求增加，益生菌作为水产养殖生物防治剂的使用正在增加。此类补充剂的益处包括提高营养价值、抑制病原微生物和增强免疫反应。生物包封疫苗似乎是释放疫苗最具吸引力的方法。几种针对某些疾病的生物活性分子已成功用纳米颗粒包封，以提高其可用性、生物活性和控释效果。最近，利用生物信息学的“反向疫苗”有助于设计针对难以设计疫苗的传染性病原体的疫苗，尤其是细胞内细菌。此外，利用噬菌体对养殖鱼类中的病原体进行生物防治也引起了广泛关注。已分离出几种针对各种病原菌的噬菌体。口服噬菌体鸡尾酒是在鱼类中应用的最合适方式，尤其是在需要处理大量受感染鱼类时。因此，在以下段落中，我们将讨论一些有前景的新型生物防治方法，如针对鱼类病原体的益生菌、生物包封疫苗和噬菌体疗法。
