Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Apr;27(11):12550-12565. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06819-y. Epub 2020 Jan 30.
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used industrial raw materials that are well known for their environmental contamination and toxicological effects as "endocrine disruptors." In this study, environmental levels of PAEs and eco-toxicological risk assessments were determined in the eight estuaries of the Pearl River (Estuaries), main upstream tributary (Xijiang River), urban river network (River network), and nature reserve reservoir (Reservoirs). Water and sediment samples from the above water systems were collected during the low-water period (May) and the high-water period (August) between 2012 and 2014. Solid phase and ultrasonic methods were used to extract 14 different PAEs that were analyzed by gas chromatography. The analytical average recovery of PAEs in water and sediment was 75.4% ± 4.9% and 121.5% ± 8.9%, respectively. The results showed that PAEs were detected in all of the samples, and the di-n-butyl phtalate (DBP) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) monomers had a detection rate of 100% in water. Similarly, in sediment samples, the detection rates of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), DBP, dimethoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP), BBP, di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and DNP ranged from 66.7 to 100%. Among these, in sediment samples, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and phthalic acid bis(2-butoxyethyl) ester (DBEP) had detection rates of 95.8% to 100% in the Estuaries, Xijiang River, and River network. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in water samples and sediments ranged from 12.95 ± 1.97 to 6717.29 ± 112.37 ng/L and 71.99 ± 8.72 to 17,340.04 ± 227.83 ng/g-dw, respectively. During the low-water period, the average concentration of ΣPAEs in water and sediment was 1159.58 ± 97.22 ng/L and 2842.50 ± 178.21 ng/g-dw, respectively, and during the high-water period, 822.83 ± 53.19 ng/L and 1936.42 ± 111.31 ng/g-dw, respectively. In water, the average concentration of ΣPAEs in 2013 and 2014 was 963.39 ± 19.55 ng/L and 2815.35 ± 176.32 ng/L, respectively. In sediment, the average concentrations of ΣPAEs in 2012 to 2014 were 990.10 ± 23.33 ng/g-dw, 1084.20 ± 112.12 ng/g-dw, and 1816.89 ± 79.97 ng/g-dw, respectively, with concentrations showing an increasing trend year after year (2014 > 2013 > 2012). Potential risk assessment of water ecological, the results show that exceeding environmental risk level (ERL) value in higher molecular weight plasticizer (DEHP, DMEP, DNOP, DNP) was mainly distributed in water, the lower molecular weight plasticizer (BMP, DiBP) was mainly distributed in sediment.
邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）是广泛使用的工业原料，因其作为“内分泌干扰物”的环境污染和毒理学效应而闻名。在这项研究中，确定了珠江（河口）八大河口、主要上游支流（西江）、城市河网和自然保护区水库的环境水平和生态毒性风险评估。在 2012 年至 2014 年的低水位期（5 月）和高水位期（8 月），从上述水系中采集了水和沉积物样本。采用固相和超声方法提取了 14 种不同的邻苯二甲酸酯，并用气相色谱法进行分析。PAEs 在水中和沉积物中的分析平均回收率分别为 75.4%±4.9%和 121.5%±8.9%。结果表明，所有样品中均检测到 PAEs，水中的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）单体的检出率为 100%。同样，在沉积物样品中，邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）、DBP、二甲氧基乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（DMEP）、BBP、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DnOP）和邻苯二甲酸二壬酯（DNP）的检出率在 66.7%至 100%之间。在这些物质中，在沉积物样品中，DEHP 和邻苯二甲酸双（2-乙氧基）乙酯（DBEP）在河口、西江和河网中的检出率为 95.8%至 100%。水样和沉积物中ΣPAEs 的浓度范围分别为 12.95±1.97 至 6717.29±112.37ng/L 和 71.99±8.72 至 17340.04±227.83ng/g-dw。在低水位期，水和沉积物中ΣPAEs 的平均浓度分别为 1159.58±97.22ng/L 和 2842.50±178.21ng/g-dw，在高水位期分别为 822.83±53.19ng/L 和 1936.42±111.31ng/g-dw。在水中，2013 年和 2014 年ΣPAEs 的平均浓度分别为 963.39±19.55ng/L 和 2815.35±176.32ng/L。在沉积物中，2012 年至 2014 年ΣPAEs 的平均浓度分别为 990.10±23.33ng/g-dw、1084.20±112.12ng/g-dw和 1816.89±79.97ng/g-dw，呈逐年上升趋势（2014>2013>2012）。水生态潜在风险评估结果表明，高分子量增塑剂（DEHP、DMEP、DNOP、DNP）的环境风险水平（ERL）值主要分布在水中，而低分子量增塑剂（BMP、DiBP）主要分布在沉积物中。
