Wang Wen-Long, Wu Qian-Yuan, Wang Chao, He Tao, Hu Hong-Ying
Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Mar;22(5):3620-30. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3615-z. Epub 2014 Sep 26.
Phthalate esters (PAEs) with endocrine disruption effects and carcinogenicity are widely detected in water environment. Occurrences of PAEs in source water and removal efficiencies of PAEs by drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in China were surveyed from publications in the last 10 years. Concentration of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in source water with median value of 1.3 μg/L was higher than that of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). If the removal efficiencies of DEHP and DnBP reached 60 and 90 %, respectively, the calculated PAE concentration in drinking water can generally meet Standards for Drinking Water Quality in China. The health risks of PAEs, including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks via the "water source-DWTP-oral ingestion/dermal permeation" pathway, were evaluated with Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis under certain removal efficiencies from 0 to 95 %. The carcinogenic risk of DEHP was lower than the upper acceptable carcinogenic risk level (10(-4)), while the probability of DEHP's carcinogenic risk between lower (10(-6)) and upper (10(-4)) acceptable carcinogenic risk level decreased from about 21.2 to 0.4 % through increasing DEHP removal efficiency from 0 to 95 %. The non-carcinogenic risk of DEHP was higher than that of DEP and DnBP. In all cases, the total non-carcinogenic risk of DEP, DnBP, and DEHP was lower than 1, indicating that there would be unlikely incremental non-carcinogenic risk to humans. Both carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk of PAEs in drinking water to female were a little higher than those to male.
具有内分泌干扰效应和致癌性的邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）在水环境中被广泛检测到。通过对过去10年发表的文献进行调研，了解了中国水源水中PAEs的存在情况以及饮用水处理厂（DWTPs）对PAEs的去除效率。邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）在水源水中的浓度中位数为1.3μg/L，高于邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）。如果DEHP和DnBP的去除效率分别达到60%和90%，则计算得出的饮用水中PAE浓度通常能够符合中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》。通过蒙特卡洛模拟和敏感性分析，在0至95%的特定去除效率下，评估了PAEs通过“水源-DWTP-口服摄入/皮肤渗透”途径产生的健康风险，包括非致癌风险和致癌风险。DEHP的致癌风险低于可接受的致癌风险上限（10⁻⁴），而随着DEHP去除效率从0提高到95%，DEHP致癌风险处于较低（10⁻⁶）和较高（10⁻⁴）可接受致癌风险水平之间的概率从约21.2%降至0.4%。DEHP的非致癌风险高于DEP和DnBP。在所有情况下，DEP、DnBP和DEHP的总非致癌风险均低于1，这表明对人类不太可能产生累积性非致癌风险。饮用水中PAEs对女性的致癌风险和非致癌风险均略高于男性。
