Voas R B
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America.
Forensic Sci Rev. 2020 Jan;32(1):55-81.
This review focuses on the role of motor vehicles in the prevention of alcohol-related fatalities in the United States. Since alcohol significantly affects brain function, it is natural to make drivers the prime targets for impaired-driving-prevention programs. However, the prevalence, design, ease of operation, and safety features of motor vehicles, as well as state regulations of their operation, have an important influence on crash occurrences, particularly those involving alcohol. This review begins with a discussion of why the automobile became the central technological device in the alcohol-related fatality problem and then moves on to an overview of motor vehicle safety programs that have impacted impaired driving. The article then presents an extended discussion of the effectiveness of vehicle-based, alcohol-detecting ignition interlock devices (interlocks), which provided the principal specific vehicle-based effort in the 20th century to separate alcohol consumption from driving. The review ends with a commentary on the issues that will arise in managing operator impairment in autonomous (self-driving) vehicles-the probable principal 21st-century effort to reduce impaired driving and eliminate alcohol-related crashes by minimizing the role of the driver.
本综述聚焦于机动车在美国预防与酒精相关的死亡事故中所起的作用。由于酒精会显著影响大脑功能，自然而然地，驾驶员成为了预防酒驾项目的主要目标。然而，机动车的普及率、设计、操作便利性、安全特性以及其运行的州法规，对撞车事故的发生有着重要影响，尤其是那些涉及酒精的事故。本综述首先讨论为何汽车成为了与酒精相关死亡问题的核心技术设备，接着概述了对酒驾产生影响的机动车安全项目。然后，文章对基于车辆的酒精检测点火联锁装置（联锁装置）的有效性进行了深入讨论，该装置是20世纪基于车辆的主要专门措施，旨在将饮酒与驾驶分隔开。综述最后对在管理自动驾驶车辆驾驶员身体机能受损问题时将会出现的问题进行了评论，这可能是21世纪通过尽量减少驾驶员作用来减少酒驾并消除与酒精相关撞车事故的主要努力方向。
