Redweik Graham A J, Daniels Karrie, Severin Andrew J, Lyte Mark, Mellata Melha
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
Front Microbiol. 2020 Jan 15;10:3064. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03064. eCollection 2019.
Cross-talk between the gut microbiota and neurochemicals affects health and well-being of animals. However, little is known about this interaction in chickens despite their importance in food production. Probiotics and live vaccines are microbial products commonly given orally to layer pullets to improve health and ensure food safety. This study's objective was to determine how these oral treatments, individually or in combination, would impact the gut environment of chickens. White Leghorn chicks were either non-treated (CON) or orally given probiotics (PRO), a recombinant attenuated vaccine (RASV; VAX), or both (P+V). Birds were fed with probiotics daily beginning at 1-day-old and orally immunized with RASV at 4-days-old and boosted 2 weeks post-primary vaccination. At 5 weeks, ceca content, ceca tissues, and small intestinal scrapings (SISs) were collected from ten birds/group post-euthanasia for analyses. Catecholamine, but not serotonergic, metabolism was affected by treatments. Dopamine metabolism, indicated by L-DOPA and DOPAC levels, were increased in P+V birds versus CON and PRO birds. Based on 16S sequencing, beta diversity was more similar among vaccinated birds versus birds given probiotics, suggesting live vaccination has a major selective pressure on microbial diversity. Abundances of and Enterobacteriaceae positively correlated with levels of tyrosine and norepinephrine, respectively. Both enumeration and 16S sequencing, determined that PRO exhibited the greatest levels of Enterobacteriaceae in the ceca and feces, which was associated with greater IgA production against virulence factors as tested by ELISA. In summary, we demonstrate that using probiotics alone versus in combination with a live vaccine has major implications in catecholamine production and the microbiota of layer pullets. Additionally, unique correlations between changes in some neurochemicals and specific bacteria have been shown.
肠道微生物群与神经化学物质之间的相互作用会影响动物的健康和幸福感。然而，尽管鸡在食品生产中很重要，但关于鸡体内这种相互作用的了解却很少。益生菌和活疫苗是常用于口服给蛋鸡雏鸡以改善健康和确保食品安全的微生物产品。本研究的目的是确定这些口服处理单独或联合使用时如何影响鸡的肠道环境。白来航雏鸡要么不进行处理（CON），要么口服给予益生菌（PRO）、重组减毒疫苗（RASV；VAX）或两者（P+V）。从1日龄开始每天给鸡喂食益生菌，并在4日龄时用RASV进行口服免疫，初次免疫后2周加强免疫。在5周龄时，对每组10只鸡实施安乐死后收集盲肠内容物、盲肠组织和小肠刮取物（SIS）进行分析。处理会影响儿茶酚胺代谢，但不影响血清素代谢。与CON组和PRO组鸡相比，P+V组鸡中由L-DOPA和DOPAC水平表示的多巴胺代谢增加。基于16S测序，接种疫苗的鸡之间的β多样性比给予益生菌的鸡之间更相似，这表明活疫苗接种对微生物多样性有主要的选择压力。和肠杆菌科的丰度分别与酪氨酸和去甲肾上腺素水平呈正相关。计数和16S测序均确定，PRO在盲肠和粪便中的肠杆菌科水平最高，通过ELISA检测，这与针对毒力因子产生更高水平的IgA有关。总之，我们证明单独使用益生菌与将其与活疫苗联合使用对蛋鸡雏鸡的儿茶酚胺产生和微生物群有重大影响。此外，还显示了一些神经化学物质变化与特定细菌之间的独特相关性。
