An overview of international regulatory frameworks for mesenchymal stromal cell-based medicinal products: From laboratory to patient.

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are emerging as one of the most important cell types in advanced therapies and regenerative medicine due to their great therapeutic potential. The development of hMSC-based products focuses on the use of hMSCs as biological active substances, and they are considered medicinal products by the primary health agencies worldwide. Due to their regulatory status, the development of hMSC-based products is regulated by specific criteria that range from the design phase, nonclinical studies, clinical studies, to the final registration and approval. Patients should only be administered hMSC-based products within the framework of a clinical trial or after the product has obtained marketing authorization; in both cases, authorization by health authorities is usually required. Considering the above, this paper describes the current general regulatory requirements for hMSC-based products, by jurisdiction, to be implemented throughout their entire development process. These measures may provide support for researchers from both public and private entities and academia to optimize the development of these products and their subsequent marketing, thereby improving access to them by patients.