Yatkin S, Gerboles M, Belis C A, Karagulian F, Lagler F, Barbiere M, Borowiak A
European Commission-Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, 21027, Ispra, Italy.
Atmos Pollut Res. 2020 Feb;11(2):225-233. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2019.10.004.
In this study, PM concentrations together with the water-soluble ionic compounds and total elements were simultaneously measured at 16 sites in the city of Varese located in Northern Italy within a domain of 2 × 2 km. The center point of this domain consisted of an existing urban air quality monitoring station. The representativeness of the monitoring station for PM mass and chemical composition was estimated using a methodology relying on statistical/geostatistical analyses. Source apportionment by means of the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model was also performed to evaluate the spatial distribution of source contribution throughout the domain. Very high soluble fraction was found for Cd, Sb, K and V, indicating the anthropogenic origin of those elements. The geostatistical analysis/mapping showed that the monitoring station captured the spatial variation of PM and most of the anthropogenic originated elements, e.g., As, Cd and V, whereas it did not captured the spatial patterns of the ones originated from both natural and anthropogenic sources, e.g., Na, Ni, Pb, K, Zn, Fe, Cr, and Ti. The CMB source contribution estimations in the monitoring station were at least 25% different from many sites of the domain for PM. The significant spatial variation in concentrations and source contribution estimates showed that the monitoring station could not be considered representative for the air quality monitoring studies with exposure assessment and source apportionment purposes in Varese.
在本研究中，在意大利北部瓦雷泽市一个2×2千米区域内的16个点位，同时测量了颗粒物（PM）浓度以及水溶性离子化合物和总元素含量。该区域的中心点设有一个现有的城市空气质量监测站。利用基于统计/地统计分析的方法，评估了该监测站对于PM质量和化学成分的代表性。还通过化学质量平衡（CMB）受体模型进行了源解析，以评估整个区域内源贡献的空间分布。发现镉、锑、钾和钒的可溶性分数非常高，表明这些元素源自人为活动。地统计分析/绘图显示，该监测站捕捉到了PM以及大多数人为源元素（如砷、镉和钒）的空间变化，而对于那些源自自然和人为双重来源的元素（如钠、镍、铅、钾、锌、铁、铬和钛），它并未捕捉到其空间格局。监测站内CMB源贡献估计值与该区域许多点位的PM源贡献估计值至少相差25%。浓度和源贡献估计值的显著空间变化表明，在瓦雷泽市，出于暴露评估和源解析目的的空气质量监测研究中，该监测站不能被视为具有代表性。
