Metabolic classification of circulating tumor cells as a biomarker for metastasis and prognosis in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been demonstrated as a promising liquid biopsy marker for breast cancer (BC). However, the intra-patient heterogeneity of CTCs remains a challenge to clinical application. We aim at profiling aggressive CTCs subpopulation in BC utilizing the distinctive metabolic reprogramming which is a hallmark of metastatic tumor cells.

METHODS

Oncomine, TCGA and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases were utilized to analyze expression and survival relevance of the previously screened metastasis-promoting metabolic markers (PGK1/G6PD) in BC patients. CTCs detection and metabolic classification were performed through micro-filtration and multiple RNA in situ hybridization using CD45 and PGK1/G6PD probes. Blood samples were collected from 64 BC patients before treatment for CTCs analysis. Patient characteristics were recorded to evaluate clinical applications of CTCs metabolic subtypes, as well as morphological EMT subtypes classified by epithelial (EpCAM/CKs) and mesenchymal (Vimentin/Twist) markers.

RESULTS

PGK1 and G6PD expressions were up-regulated in invasive BC tissues compared with normal mammary tissues. Increased tissue expressions of PGK1 or G6PD indicated shortened overall and relapse-free survival of BC patients (P < 0.001). Blood GMCTCs (DAPICD45PGK1/G6PD) was detectable (range 0-54 cells/5 mL) in 61.8% of tCTCs > 0 patients. Increased GMCTCs number and positive rate were correlated with tumor metastasis and progression (P < 0.05). The GMCTCs ≥ 2/5 mL level presented superior AUC of ROC at 0.854 (95% CI 0.741-0.968) in the diagnosis of BC metastasis (sensitivity/specificity: 66.7%/91.3%), compared with that of tCTCs (0.779) and CTCs-EMT subtypes (E-CTCs 0.645, H-CTCs 0.727 and M-CTCs 0.697). Moreover, GMCTCs group had inferior survival with decreased 2 years-PFS proportion (18.5%) than GMCTCs group (87.9%; P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This work establishes a PGK1/G6PD-based method for CTCs metabolic classification to identify the aggressive CTCs subpopulation. Metabolically active GMCTCs subtype is suggested a favorable biomarker of distant metastasis and prognosis in BC patients.