Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2020 Jun;148:106426. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106426. Epub 2020 Feb 4.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a diverse range of important biological functions in most biological systems. These PUFAs can be oxygenated via enzymatic or free radical-mediated reactions to form bioactive oxygenated lipid mediators termed oxylipins. Eicosanoids are broad class of oxylipins that are transient and locally synthesized signalling molecules, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins and thromboxanes, which mediate various physiological responses, such as inflammation. In addition to arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, current developments in lipidomic methodologies have brought attention to vast number of oxylipins produced from other PUFAs, including omega-3. Although, the molecular mechanisms of how PUFAs and oxylipins contribute to majority of the fundamental biological processes are largely unclear, a model organism Caenorhabditis elegans remains a powerful model for exploring lipid metabolism and functions of PUFAs and oxylipins. For instance, the ability of C. elegans to modify fatty acid composition with dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation enables the dissection of the roles of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in many biological processes that include aging, reproduction, and neurobiology. However, much remains to be elucidated concerning the roles of oxylipins, but thus far, C. elegans is well-known for the synthesis of vast set of cytochrome (CYP) eicosanoids. These CYP eicosanoids are extremely susceptible to changes in the relative bioavailability of the different PUFAs, thus providing a better insight into complex mechanisms connecting essential dietary fatty acids to various biological processes. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the synthesis and function of PUFAs and oxylipins in mammals. It also focusses on what is known regarding the production of PUFAs and oxylipins in C. elegans and their functions.
多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs）在大多数生物系统中表现出多种重要的生物学功能。这些 PUFAs 可以通过酶或自由基介导的反应被氧化，形成被称为氧化脂类介质的生物活性含氧脂质介质。类二十烷酸是一类广泛的氧化脂类介质，是短暂的和局部合成的信号分子，包括前列腺素、白三烯、脂氧素和血栓素，它们介导各种生理反应，如炎症。除了花生四烯酸衍生的类二十烷酸外，脂质组学方法的最新发展引起了人们对其他 PUFAs（包括 omega-3）产生的大量氧化脂类的关注。尽管 PUFAs 和氧化脂类如何促进大多数基本生物学过程的分子机制在很大程度上尚不清楚，但秀丽隐杆线虫仍然是探索脂质代谢和 PUFAs 和氧化脂类功能的强大模型。例如，秀丽隐杆线虫通过饮食补充和遗传操作改变脂肪酸组成的能力，使人们能够剖析 omega-3 和 omega-6 PUFAs 在包括衰老、繁殖和神经生物学在内的许多生物学过程中的作用。然而，关于氧化脂类的作用还有很多需要阐明，但到目前为止，秀丽隐杆线虫以合成大量细胞色素（CYP）类二十烷酸而闻名。这些 CYP 类二十烷酸对不同 PUFAs 的相对生物利用度的变化非常敏感，因此为深入了解将必需膳食脂肪酸与各种生物学过程联系起来的复杂机制提供了更好的视角。因此，本综述提供了哺乳动物中 PUFAs 和氧化脂类的合成和功能概述。它还重点介绍了秀丽隐杆线虫中 PUFAs 和氧化脂类的产生及其功能的已知情况。
