Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
Arch Med Res. 2019 Nov;50(8):543-555. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.10.009. Epub 2020 Feb 6.
Transgender individuals are often targets of abuse, bullying, harassment, discrimination and violence at school, which causes significant personal suffering and serious consequences for their education process. Research suggests that structural interventions and changes are needed to reduce these phenomena and ensure that schools function as protective and secure learning environments for sexual minorities.
This study presents a review of international interventions/programs focused on reducing bullying and promoting inclusive educational environments for transgender youths.
An extensive literature search in English and Spanish was undertaken using the electronic database of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, SciELO and LILACS (1990-2018).
Several international programs, guidelines and projects aimed at preventing bullying against sexual minorities (including the transgender population) in school environments were described. Recommendations and barriers to consider in the development and implementation of bullying prevention interventions in a range of school settings are discussed.
Evidence suggest important positive benefits associated with attending schools that have anti-bullying or inclusive policies for gender minorities, such as the improvement of school wellbeing, more positive school climate, decreasing truancy, lower levels of victimization, decreased school harassment and increased feelings of safety. However, more research is needed to follow up on the various programs and interventions described in this study, to determine whether they have been implemented and what their actual long-term impact has been. The normalization of transphobia and tolerance for sexual minorities requires the attention of public policies in education strategies designed to deconstruct gender stereotypes and eradicate transphobia among adolescents.
跨性别者在学校经常成为虐待、欺凌、骚扰、歧视和暴力的对象，这给他们带来了巨大的个人痛苦，并对他们的教育过程造成了严重后果。研究表明，需要进行结构干预和变革，以减少这些现象，确保学校成为保护和安全的学习环境，让性少数群体能够安心学习。
本研究综述了国际上针对减少跨性别青年欺凌行为和促进包容教育环境的干预/方案。
使用 MEDLINE、PsycINFO、SCOPUS、SciELO 和 LILACS（1990-2018 年）电子数据库，对英文和西文文献进行了广泛的检索。
描述了几项旨在预防学校环境中针对性少数群体（包括跨性别者）的欺凌行为的国际方案、准则和项目。讨论了在各种学校环境中制定和实施预防欺凌行为干预措施时需要考虑的建议和障碍。
有证据表明，对于上有反欺凌或包容性别少数群体政策的学校，学生的校园幸福感、学校氛围更加积极、逃学率降低、受害率降低、学校骚扰减少、安全感增强等方面都有重要的积极益处。然而，需要进一步研究本研究中描述的各种方案和干预措施，以确定它们是否已经实施，以及它们的实际长期影响如何。跨性别恐惧症的常态化和对性少数群体的容忍需要公共政策关注，以设计教育策略来解构性别刻板印象，消除青少年中的跨性别恐惧症。
