Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
Psychol Res. 2021 Apr;85(3):1029-1046. doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01295-3. Epub 2020 Feb 8.
An increasing number of studies in the conflict/control and perceptual desirable difficulty literatures show memory benefits for information in high-conflict task situations. Recent work suggests that increased conflict does not produce a task-wide encoding benefit; rather, conflict must focus high-level attention on to-be-tested information to produce an encoding benefit. We used pupil dilation measures to directly assess this stage-specific model of conflict-encoding effects. We show clear performance costs of incongruency (slower RT and larger pupil dilation) with both semantic and response distractors, but show memory benefits only with semantic conflict. Further, when participants were encouraged to focus more (eliciting greater endogenous effort and control for all trials, not just incongruent trials), we observe larger and more similar pupil responses and reduced memory differences between high versus low semantic conflict conditions. These data confirm and extend a stage-specific model of conflict-encoding effects, with converging behavioural and physiological data.
越来越多的冲突/控制和感知期望难度文献中的研究表明，在高冲突任务情境下，信息的记忆会得到提升。最近的研究表明，增加冲突并不会产生广泛的任务编码益处；相反，冲突必须将高层注意力集中在待测试的信息上，才能产生编码益处。我们使用瞳孔扩张测量来直接评估这种特定于冲突编码效应的阶段模型。我们发现，无论是语义还是反应干扰，不一致都会导致明显的表现成本（反应时更慢，瞳孔扩张更大），但只有在语义冲突时才会产生记忆益处。此外，当我们鼓励参与者更加专注时（在所有试验中引发更大的内源性努力和控制，而不仅仅是不一致的试验），我们观察到更大和更相似的瞳孔反应，并且减少了高语义冲突条件与低语义冲突条件之间的记忆差异。这些数据证实并扩展了冲突编码效应的特定于阶段的模型，具有趋同的行为和生理数据。
